丹尼爾電池
外表

丹尼爾電池(Daniell cell)係種化學電池,由英國化學家兼氣象學家約翰 弗席 丹尼爾(John Frederic Daniell)喺一八三六年發明[1][2]。改進早期電池技術,解決咗伏打電堆出氫氣泡,導致極化(polarization)嘅問題,令電流提供更穩定[3],電池嘅標準電壓大約係 1.10 伏(V)[4]。
結構
[編輯]丹尼爾電池由兩個半電池組成:
負極(陽極,Anode,氧化反應發生處):一支鋅棒(Zn)浸喺硫酸鋅(ZnSO₄)溶液入面。
正極(陰極,Cathode,還原反應發生處):一支銅棒(Cu)浸喺硫酸銅(CuSO₄)溶液入面,通常用銅容器載住[5]。
分隔物:早期用多窿嘅陶土兜(unglazed earthenware pot)分隔兩個溶液,防止直接混埋,但係畀離子通過。依家示範多數用鹽橋(salt bridge)連接兩個半電池,維持電中性[6]。
電池符號表示:Zn | Zn²⁺ || Cu²⁺ | Cu [7]
原理
[編輯]丹尼爾電池基於鋅同銅嘅電極電位差(鋅更容易失電子),產生自發嘅氧化還原反應,將化學能變成電能[8]。
負極反應(氧化):Zn(s) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻
正極反應(還原):Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cu(s)
總反應:Zn(s) + Cu²⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + Cu(s)[9][10]
電子由負極(鋅)通過外電路流向正極(銅),形成電流。鹽橋畀離子流動,維持溶液電中性[11]。
歷史意義同應用
[編輯]丹尼爾電池比伏打電堆穩定,因為用 CuSO₄ 作為「去極化劑」,避免氫氣泡積聚[12]。曾經廣泛用喺電報系統、鐵路信號呢啲地方[13]。佢亦係上堂教書,做電化學嘅經典例子,嚟解釋賈法尼電池、電極電位、鹽橋等概念[14]。
攷據
[編輯]- ↑ Boulabiar, Ahlem. (2004). "A Historical Analysis of the Daniell Cell and Electrochemistry Teaching in French and Tunisian Textbooks". Journal of Chemical Education. 81 (5): 754. doi:10.1021/ed081p754.
- ↑ "Daniell cell". Britannica. 喺2026-01-02搵到.
- ↑ Desmond E. Winterbone (2015). Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers (Second Edition). Elsevier.
- ↑ Martins, George F. (1990). "Why the Daniell Cell Works!". Journal of Chemical Education. 67 (6): 482. doi:10.1021/ed067p482.
- ↑ "Daniell Cell - an overview". ScienceDirect. 喺2026-01-02搵到.
- ↑ "Daniell Cell: Definition, Working & Uses". Vedantu. 喺2026-01-02搵到.
- ↑ "Alternative Daniell Cells as a First Encounter with the Electrochemistry of Batteries". Journal of Chemical Education. 2016. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5c00224.
- ↑ "Explanation of Daniell Cell in Chemistry". BYJU'S. 喺2026-01-02搵到.
- ↑ Quickenden, T. I.; Mua, Y. (1995). "A Review of Power Generation in Aqueous Thermogalvanic Cells". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 142 (11): 3985–3994. doi:10.1149/1.2048446.
- ↑ "Daniell Cell - an overview". ScienceDirect. 喺2026-01-02搵到.
- ↑ "Daniell cell". Britannica. 喺2026-01-02搵到.
- ↑ "John Frederic Daniell". Britannica. 喺2026-01-02搵到.
- ↑ Jayson, Joel S. (2014). "The Daniell cell, Ohm's law, and the emergence of the International System of Units". American Journal of Physics. 82 (1): 60–65. doi:10.1119/1.4826445.
- ↑ Boulabiar, Ahlem (2004). "A Historical Analysis of the Daniell Cell and Electrochemistry Teaching in French and Tunisian Textbooks". Journal of Chemical Education. 81 (5): 754. doi:10.1021/ed081p754.