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冇宗教信仰

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
已經荒廢咗嘅教堂

冇宗教信仰係指冇或者拒絕宗教信仰同實踐。呢個概念包含咗好多唔同嘅哲學同思想觀點，好似無神論、不可知論、宗教懷疑論、理性主義、世俗主義，同埋非宗教性嘅靈性觀等等。呢啲觀點可以好唔同，自認冇宗教信仰嘅人對宗教同宗教喺生活入面嘅角色，都可以有唔同嘅睇法 [1]。

大約去到2010年左右，學術界對冇宗教信仰呢個課題嘅研究都唔算多 [2]。

概覽

[編輯]

喺過去幾十年[咩時候？]， 世俗人士嘅數目一直上升，尤其係喺廿一世紀初期升得好快，喺好多國家入面都見到呢個趨勢 [3][4]:4[1][5]:112[6]。 幾乎喺每一個高收入國家同埋好多貧窮國家入面，宗教影響力都喺下降[5]:112。高度世俗化嘅社會通常喺社會健康同成功方面表現得幾好 [7]。社會科學家預測，宗教信仰會持續下降，並會俾更科學同自然主義嘅世界觀取代（世俗化假說）[8]。根據 Ronald Inglehart 講，呢個趨勢好大機會會繼續，反彈通常都唔會維持好耐，因為背後嘅推動力係科技創新 [9]。不過，亦有其他研究者唔同意（反世俗化假說）[8]。到 2050 年，Pew Research Center（Pew）預計無宗教人士佔世界人口嘅比例可能會暫時下降（由 16.4% 跌到 13.2%），主要因為高度宗教化國家人口增長快，而一啲較少宗教化國家出現人口收縮 [1][10]。

好多國家亦可能一代一代慢慢變得更加世俗 [10]。後生一代通常比長輩冇咁宗教化 [10][11]:5。佢哋可能隨住年紀大會變得較為宗教化，但如果國家變得更加富裕同穩定，佢哋仍然會比以前嘅世代冇咁宗教化 [11]:13。不過，世俗化同宗教其實可以共存，因為大部分世俗性嘅形式都唔一定導向無神論或者無宗教[12]。個人層面上，宗教信念同實際行為保持一致（即「宗教一致性」）其實好少見 [13]:2。 宗教唔一致唔等於虛偽或者假裝虔誠[13]:5。所謂「宗教一致性謬誤」係指喺解讀或者解釋時，冇合理理由就假設宗教一致性存在 [13]:19。 呢個謬誤亦都影響咗「新無神論者」對宗教嘅批評[13]:21。

要估算全球無宗教人士嘅數目其實好困難 [14][1]。冇隸屬任何宗教嘅人其實好多樣化。喺唔少國家，人口普查同人口統計調查唔會將無神論者、不可知論者同答「冇特定宗教」嘅人分開統計，令到佢哋之間可能存在嘅重大差異被掩蓋[15]:60。 人亦可能因為驚答錯政治上「唔正確」嘅答案而感到焦慮，不論係偏向有宗教定冇宗教都一樣 [14]。 要量度無宗教性，需要好高程度嘅文化敏感度，尤其係喺西方以外嘅地方，因為「宗教」或者「世俗」呢啲概念未必深植於本地文化，甚至可能根本唔存在 [4]:31–34。

「宗教」同「世俗」之間嘅鮮明對立，甚至敵對，其實係西方文化同歷史特有嘅現象；喺大部分人類歷史同文化入面，自然同超自然之間冇乜明確分界，而概念亦未必可以跨文化直接套用[4]:31。世俗性嘅各種形式，永遠都反映住佢出現嗰個社會、歷史、文化同宗教背景，而喺宗教主導嘅環境之下，呢啲分野會特別尖銳 [4]:31。 另外，喺古代亞洲文獻入面，無神論同不可知論其實相當普遍[16]。無神論傳統喺呢啲文化入面已經扮演重要角色幾千年[16]。 所謂「文化宗教」都要考慮在內：尤其喺宗教根基好深嘅文化入面，非宗教人士都可能被歸入宗教類別[15]:59。好多冇宗教隸屬嘅人，其實仍然有一啲宗教信念同參與宗教活動 [17][18][19][20]。

2016年，Phil Zuckerman、Galen 同 Pasquale 估計，全球大約有四億人無宗教或者無神論[21]。2022 年，Gallup International Association（GIA）喺 61 個國家做嘅調查顯示，62% 受訪者話自己有宗教信仰，四分一話冇，一成話自己係無神論者，其餘就唔肯定 [22]。2016 年同 2014 年嘅結果都差唔多（62%、25%、9% 同 5%）[22][23]:1:3。 歐洲聯盟、東亞同大洋洲嘅人最少信教 [22]。

2010年，根據 Pew，冇宗教隸屬嘅人口超過 11 億，大約係每六個人就有一個（佔估計 69 億人口嘅 16.3%）[24][18][25]:24:25。 其中76%住喺亞洲－太平洋地區嘅 60 個國家[18][25]:25:46:66。中國，官方係一個無神論國家，亦視為全球第一或者第二人口最多嘅國家[註 1]，單單中國就佔咗大多數（62.2%，約 7 億人）[26][27]:1[1][18][25]:25:46:66。 六大區域入面，有三個區域比例相近：亞太區（超過 40 億人口中嘅 21.2% ）、歐洲（超過 7.42 億中嘅 18.2%）同北美洲（超過3.44億中嘅17.1%）[18][25]:25。 男性、後生人，以及白人、亞洲人同有猶太血統嘅人，比較容易成為世俗人士[7]。

註

[編輯]
  1. ↑ 視乎有冇將 香港、澳門 同 臺灣 計入中國人口統計。所引用來源入面嘅表格只計算中國大陸人口。

參考

[編輯]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Eldridge, Stephen。"irreligion". 出自 Duignan, Brian (編)。《Britannica》。Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.。原先內容歸檔喺1 September 2024。喺1 December 2024搵到。
  2. ↑ "Resources Overview". Explaining Atheism. Queen's University Belfast. 15 January 2025. 喺15 January 2025搵到.
  3. ↑ "The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies". Oxford Academic. Oxford University Press. 2016. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-992495-0. 喺14 December 2024搵到.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Zuckerman, Phil; Galen, Luke W.; Pasquale, Frank L. (24 March 2016). The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies. Oxford University Press. p. 226. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-992495-0. 喺14 December 2024搵到.
  5. 1 2 Inglehart, Ronald F. (11 August 2020). "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion". Foreign. 原先內容歸檔喺2020-09-22. 喺2026-01-26搵到. {{cite news}}: Check |author-link= value (help)
  6. ↑ Inglehart, Ronald (20 February 2021). "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion - Revisited". World Values Survey. World Values Survey Association. 喺1 December 2024搵到.
  7. 1 2 "Conclusion". Oxford Academic. Oxford University Press. 2016. pp. 223–226. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.003.0012. ISBN 978-0-19-992495-0. 喺14 December 2024搵到.
  8. 1 2 Ellis, Lee; Hoskin, Anthony W.; Dutton, Edward; Nyborg, Helmuth (8 March 2017). "The Future of Secularism: a Biologically Informed Theory Supplemented with Cross-Cultural Evidence". Evolutionary Psychological Science. 3 (3): 224–242. doi:10.1007/s40806-017-0090-z. 喺22 December 2024搵到.
  9. ↑ Inglehart, Ronald (10 December 2020). "Religion's Sudden Decline: Why It's Happening and What Comes Next". Center for Political Studies (CPS). University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. 喺14 December 2024搵到.
  10. 1 2 3 "Key Findings From the Global Religious Futures Project". Pew Research Center. 21 December 2022. 喺1 December 2024搵到.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. 1 2 Hackett, Conrad (13 June 2018). "The Age Gap in Religion Around the World" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 喺7 December 2024搵到.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ↑ Eller, Jack (2010). "What is Atheism?". 出自 Zuckerman, Phil (編). Atheism and Secularity. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780313351839.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Chaves, Mark (March 2010). "Rain Dances in the Dry Season: Overcoming the Religious Congruence Fallacy". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 49 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01489.x.
  14. 1 2 Bullivant, Stephen (2021). "59 - Atheism Throughout the World". The Cambridge History of Atheism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1095–1112. doi:10.1017/9781108562324.060. ISBN 978-1-108-56232-4.
  15. 1 2 Johnson, Todd; Zurlo, Gina (2016). "Unaffiliated, Yet Religious: A Methodological and Demographic Analysis". 出自 Cipriani, Roberto; Garelli, Franco (編). Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Volume 7: Sociology of Atheism. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 50–74. ISBN 9789004317536. 喺30 November 2024搵到.
  16. 1 2 Cohen, Signe (1 April 2019). "Atheism) has been part of many Asian traditions for millennia". The Conversation. The Conversation Media Group Ltd. 喺22 December 2024搵到.Template:Creative Commons text attribution notice
  17. ↑ "4. Religiously Unaffiliated Population Change". Pew Research Center. 9 June 2025. What do the religiously unaffiliated believe? The religiously unaffiliated aren’t necessarily devoid of religious beliefs and practices. Research shows that many people who don’t belong to a religious group may still hold religious or spiritual beliefs and participate in religious or spiritual activities.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Religiously Unaffiliated". The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. 18 December 2012. 原著喺9 July 2024歸檔. 喺30 November 2024搵到.
  19. ↑ Lesage, Jonathan Evans, Alan Cooperman, Kelsey Jo Starr, Manolo Corichi, William Miner and Kirsten (17 June 2024). "Religion and Spirituality in East Asian Societies". Pew Research Center. A survey in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and neighboring Vietnam finds many people don’t identify with a religion but say they believe in unseen beings, venerate ancestors’ spirits and engage in ritual practices.
  20. ↑ Evans, Jonathan (17 June 2024). "6 facts about Religion and Spirituality in East Asian societies". Pew Research Center. Table - Few East Asians consider religion very important in their lives but many believe in god or unseen things
  21. ↑ Zuckerman, Phil; Galen, Luke W.; Pasquale, Frank L. (March 2016). "Secularity around the World". Oxford Academic. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–52. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-992495-0. 喺1 December 2024搵到.
  22. 1 2 3 "More Prone to Believe in God than Identify as Religious. More Likely to Believe in Heaven than in Hell". Gallup International Association. 4 December 2023. 喺9 December 2024搵到.
  23. ↑ "Religion prevails in the world" (PDF). WIN/Gallup International. p. 9. [原著 (PDF)喺14) November 2017歸檔. 喺9 December 2024搵到. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  24. ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape". The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. 18 December 2012. 原先內容歸檔喺26 December 2018. 喺4 November 2024搵到.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Hackett, Conrad; Grim, Brian J. (December 2012). "Religiously Unaffiliated" (PDF). The Global Religious Landscape:A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. p. 82. 喺30 November 2024搵到.
  26. ↑ Zuckerman, Phil; Shook, John R., 編 (2017). "15 Sacred, Secular, and Neosacred Governments in China and Taiwan". Oxford Academic. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.16. ISBN 978-0-19-998845-7. 喺22 December 2024搵到.
  27. ↑ Kuo, Cheng-tian (2017). "15. Sacred, Secular, and Neo-sacred Governments in China and Taiwan". 出自 Zuckerman, Phil; Shook, John (編). The Oxford Handbook of Secularism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199988457. 原著喺2025年8月22號歸檔. 喺22 December 2024搵到.
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