博士茶

博士茶(Rooibos),學名Aspalathus linearis,係種生長係南非凡波斯生物群系地區,生得好似掃把咁嘅豆科植物。佢嘅葉可以用嚟做無咖啡因嘅草本茶,一直以來深受南非國民喜愛。自2000年起,博士茶名噪國際,佢嘅味道帶種大地氣息,香氣似瑪黛茶或煙草。[1][2][3]
用博士茶沖出嚟嘅茶叫南非博士茶、南非國寶茶或路易波士茶。博士茶個名(rooibos)源自南非荷蘭文(rooi bos),意思係「紅色灌木」。博士茶呢個名受到南非同歐盟嘅「原產地名稱保護」嘅維護。
生產同製作過程
[編輯]



博士茶主要生長係錫德山(Cederberg),一座座落於南非西開普省西海岸區級市鎮嘅小山。[4]
通常,博士茶會經過氧化 [5]。呢個過程令佢有標誌性嘅啡紅色澤,同會加強佢嘅風味。雖然都會生產冇經過氧化嘅綠博士茶,不過因為工序繁瑣(同綠茶嘅生產過程差唔多),所以比傳統博士茶貴。綠博士茶帶有微微嘅麥芽同青草香,同紅博士茶唔同。[6]
用途
[編輯]博士茶通常作為草本茶咁飲,浸係熱水到,同沖紅茶差唔多。博士茶可以唔加野直接飲,或者加牛奶、檸檬、糖或蜂蜜嚟飲。博士茶仲可以以意式鮮奶咖啡、泡沫咖啡或凍茶嘅方式飲用。[7]
化學成份
[編輯]博士茶冇咖啡因 [9][10],單寧酸含量比紅茶同綠茶低 [8]。博士茶含多酚、包括黃烷-3-醇(flavanols)、黃酮類化合物(flavones)、黃烷酮(flavanones)、二氫查耳酮(dihydrochalcones)[11][12]、阿司巴汀(aspalathin)[13]同諾瑟法根(nothofagin)。[14]
經加工嘅葉含有苯甲酸(benzoic)同肉桂酸(cinnamic acids)。[15]
評級
[編輯]博士茶嘅評級主要係睇針葉同莖嘅百份比。葉片含量越高,沖出嚟嘅茶色澤就會越深、味道更豐富同埋飲完無咁口乾。評級高嘅博士茶會出口國外,唔會留係本地市場。博士茶嘅主要客群係歐盟成員國,尤其係德國,佢哋會將博士茶做成調味茶,供應比散裝茶市場。[16]
環境問題
[編輯]博士茶係南非西開普省一小塊地方嘅特有物種。佢同南非本土微生物有共生關係 [17]。係2012年,一則南非新聞指出,在氣候變遷嘅威脅下,博士茶嘅種植前景堪憂 [18]。
博士茶嘅使用同擴張嘅耕地,威脅住南非本土特有嘅動植物,如大葉海神花(Protea convexa)[19]、鋸齒捕蠅幌(Roridula dentata)[20]同蓟花海神花(Protea scolymocephala)[21]。
參攷
[編輯]- ↑ "(Making the Origin Count: Two Coffees)...And a Tea". www.wipo.int (英文). 喺2021-12-15搵到.
- ↑ Curnow, Robyn (2012-05-02). "South Africa's rooibos a hit with tea lovers across the world | CNN Business". CNN (英文). 喺2021-12-15搵到.
- ↑ "Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren". www.gbif.org (英文). 喺2021-12-15搵到.
- ↑ Muofhe, M.L.; Dakora, F.D. (1999). "Nitrogen nutrition in nodulated field plants of the shrub tea legume Aspalathus linearis assessed using 15N natural abundance". Plant and Soil. 209 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:1999PlSoi.209..181M. doi:10.1023/A:1004514303787. S2CID 27188520.
- ↑ Abudureheman, Buhailiqiemu; Yu, Xiaochun; Fang, Dandan; Zhang, Henghui (January 2022). "Enzymatic Oxidation of Tea Catechins and Its Mechanism". Molecules. 27 (3): 942. doi:10.3390/molecules27030942. PMC 8840101. PMID 35164208.
- ↑ Standley, L; Winterton, P; Marnewick, JL; Gelderblom, WC; Joubert, E; Britz, TJ (January 2001). "Influence of processing stages on antimutagenic and antioxidant potentials of rooibos tea". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (1): 114–7. Bibcode:2001JAFC...49..114S. doi:10.1021/jf000802d. PMID 11170567.
- ↑ "Rooibos tea cappuccino or latte - Cape Point Press". Cape Point Press (美國英文). 6 March 2014. 歸檔時間30 July 2017. 喺2017-07-20搵到.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - 1 2 Morton, Julia F. (1983). "Rooibos tea, Aspalathus linearis, a caffeine-less, low-tannin beverage". Economic Botany. 37 (2): 164–73. Bibcode:1983EcBot..37..164M. doi:10.1007/BF02858780. JSTOR 4254477. S2CID 30957644.
- ↑ Iswaldi, I; Arráez-Román, D; Rodríguez-Medina, I; Beltrán-Debón, R; Joven, J; Segura-Carretero, A; Fernández-Gutiérrez, A (2011). "Identification of phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolic rooibos extracts (Aspalathus linearis) by HPLC-ESI-MS (TOF/IT)". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 400 (10): 3643–54. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-4998-z. PMID 21509483. S2CID 3247287.
- ↑ Stander, Maria A.; Joubert, Elizabeth; De Beer, Dalene (1 March 2019). "Revisiting the caffeine-free status of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas using specific MRM and high resolution LC-MS methods". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 76: 39–43. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.12.002. S2CID 91374300.
- ↑ Krafczyk, Nicole; Woyand, Franziska; Glomb, Marcus A. (2009). "Structure-antioxidant relationship of flavonoids from fermented rooibos". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 53 (5): 635–42. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200800117. PMID 19156714.
- ↑ Bramati, Lorenzo (2002). "Quantitative Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Rooibos Tea ( Aspalathus linearis ) by LC−UV/DAD". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (20): 5513–5519. Bibcode:2002JAFC...50.5513B. doi:10.1021/jf025697h. PMID 12236672.
- ↑ Ku, S. K.; Kwak, S; Kim, Y; Bae, J. S. (2015). "Aspalathin and Nothofagin from Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) inhibits high glucose-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo". Inflammation. 38 (1): 445–55. doi:10.1007/s10753-014-0049-1. PMID 25338943. S2CID 40016427.
- ↑ Joubert, E. (1996). "HPLC quantification of the dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin in rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by processing". Food Chemistry. 55 (4): 403–411. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(95)00166-2.
- ↑ Rabe, C; Steenkamp, JA; Joubert, E; Burger, JF; Ferreira, D (1994). "Phenolic metabolites from rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis)". Phytochemistry. 35 (6): 1559–1565. Bibcode:1994PChem..35.1559R. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86894-6.
- ↑ Joubert, E.; de Beer, D. (1 October 2011). "Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) beyond the farm gate: From herbal tea to potential phytopharmaceutical". South African Journal of Botany. 77 (4): 869–886. Bibcode:2011SAJB...77..869J. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2011.07.004.
- ↑ Brink, C.; Postma, A.; Jacobs, K. (May 2017). "Rhizobial diversity and function in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) plants: A review". South African Journal of Botany. Herbal Teas (英文). 110: 80–86. Bibcode:2017SAJB..110...80B. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.10.025.
- ↑ "Climate change threatens rooibos". News24, IAB South Africa. 27 February 2012. 喺27 April 2013搵到.
- ↑ Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; von Staden, L. (10 November 2006). "Large-leaf Sugarbush". Red List of South African Plants. version 2020.1. South African National Biodiversity Institute. 喺13 August 2020搵到.
- ↑ "Roridula dentata | PlantZAfrica". pza.sanbi.org. 喺2023-03-30搵到.
- ↑ Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; von Staden, L. (17 April 2005). "Thistle Sugarbush". Red List of South African Plants. version 2020.1. South African National Biodiversity Institute. 喺16 July 2020搵到.