危機演員

危機演員(又叫 演員病人 或 演員受害者)係受過訓練嘅演員、角色扮演者、義工,或者其他受聘人士,喺緊急演習期間扮演災難受害者,用嚟訓練第一線應變人員,例如警察、消防員或者急救人員。
危機演員用嚟製造高彷真度嘅災難模擬,等第一線人員可以實際操練技能,亦幫助緊急服務部門喺大型災難演習入面,為真實情境做好準備同訓練 [1][2][3][4][5][6]。 呢個詞後來俾陰謀論者攞嚟用,佢哋聲稱一啲大型槍擊案同恐怖事件其實係做臺戲,用嚟推動某啲政治目的,好似推管制槍械嘅措施 [7]。
災難訓練模擬
[編輯]演員會扮演模擬受害者,模仿特定災害傷勢,令緊急演習更有真實感。通常會用戲劇用嘅化妝品,加上橡膠同乳膠配件,去模擬唔同類型嘅傷口或者醫療狀況,逼真呈現傷勢,呢種做法叫做醫療傷妝 [8][9][10]。喺演習期間,亦會用演員扮新聞記者、受害者親屬,同關心事件嘅市民,用嚟訓練緊急行動中心人員,點樣應對各種情緒激動嘅要求同查詢 [11]。
陰謀論同誹謗
[編輯]喺美國,呢個詞俾陰謀論者用嚟聲稱,一啲大型槍擊案同恐怖事件係刻意策劃,用嚟推動特定政治目標,例如加強槍械管制 [7]。
呢種用法一般認為源自二〇一二年,一篇由前教授兼陰謀論者 James Tracy 撰寫嘅網誌文章,佢暗示政府可能聘請一間叫 Visionbox 嘅演藝中介,協助策劃 Sandy Hook 小學槍擊案。Visionbox 為演員提供「犯罪同行為與受害者行為」嘅戲劇訓練,用嚟「為公共場所嘅大型傷亡模擬事件帶嚟高度真實感」[12]。
Tracy 亦推廣過關於波士頓馬拉松爆炸案嘅危機演員陰謀論 [12][13]。陰謀論者錯誤聲稱,呢類襲擊係由政府或企業勢力策劃嘅「假旗行動」,目的包括合理化加強政府監控、解除民眾武裝,或者為針對某啲國家或組織嘅軍事行動鋪路。喺呢個語境之下,所謂危機演員就係扮演路人甲(旁觀者)、證人、緊急應變人員,甚至利用舞台化妝扮成受傷嘅受害者。
支持呢種陰謀論嘅人包括 Alex Jones,以及《True Pundit》等媒體 [14][15][13][16]。
喺二〇一八年四月,Sandy Hook 槍擊案之中兩個遇害細路嘅父母,向 Jones 提出誹謗訴訟,指控佢同網站《InfoWars》進行「虛假、殘忍同危險嘅指控行動」[17]。到 二〇二一年 十一月,Jones 因為冇向法院提交文件而被缺席裁定負責,並表示會上訴 [18]。 到二〇二二年八月,Heslin v. Jones 案陪審團裁定 Jones 需畀四百一十萬美金嘅補償性賠償,同四千五百二十萬嘅懲罰性賠償 [19][20][21]。 喺審訊期間,Jones 承認 Sandy Hook 槍擊案「百分之一百真實」,亦同意自己律師所講,推廣關於事件同受害者嘅虛假講法係「絕對唔負責任」[22]。喺加沙戰爭期間,社交媒體上流傳指控,話戰爭雙方嘅受害者都係所謂嘅「危機演員」[23][24][25]。
攷據
[編輯]- ↑ "Crisis Actors. Trained Players and Actors Making It Real". Crisis Actors. 原著喺25 June 2014歸檔. 喺28 October 2017搵到.
Helping schools and first responders create realistic drills, full-scale exercises, high-fidelity simulations, and interactive 3D films.
- ↑ "Exclusive Interview with Brian Mitchell of Crisis Cast". The Mackenzie Institute. 2015-03-05. 原著喺28 October 2017歸檔. 喺28 October 2017搵到.
- ↑ Berg, Alison. "Emergency responders practice for future disasters". The Deseret News. Utah. 喺28 October 2017搵到.
- ↑ Skelley, Tom (16 August 2017). "Emergency responders prepare for the worst". Centennial Citizen. Colorado Community Media. 原著喺28 October 2017歸檔. 喺28 October 2017搵到.
- ↑ Gillett, Brian (2008). "Simulation in a Disaster Drill: Comparison of High-fidelity Simulators versus Trained Actors". Academic Emergency Medicine. 15 (11): 1144–1151. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00198.x. PMID 18717651.
- ↑ Michael J. Fagel (4 December 2013). Crisis Management and Emergency Planning: Preparing for Today's Challenges. CRC Press. pp. 338–. ISBN 978-1-4665-5505-1.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "The Rise of the Crisis Actor Conspiracy Movement". vice.com. Vice Media. 原著喺24 September 2018歸檔. 喺9 January 2024搵到.
- ↑ Bobbie J Merica (22 November 2011). Medical Moulage: How to Make Your Simulations Come Alive. F.A. Davis. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-0-8036-2648-5.
- ↑ Saal, Mark (18 April 2014). "Moulage Provides Realism for ShakeOut Disaster Drill". govtech.com. Emergency Management. 喺28 October 2017搵到.
- ↑ McCormick Taylor (2006). Transportation Security: Guidelines for transportation emergency training exercises. Transportation Research Board. ISBN 9780309098502. 喺28 October 2017搵到.
- ↑ Charlotte J. Hiatt (1 January 2000). A Primer for Disaster Recovery Planning in an IT Environment. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 228–. ISBN 978-1-878289-81-0.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Koebler, Jason (22 February 2018). "Where the 'Crisis Actor' Conspiracy Theory Comes From". Motherboard. Vice Media. 喺22 February 2018搵到.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Yglesias, Matthew (2018-02-22). "The Parkland conspiracy theories, explained Crisis actors? The deep state?". Vox. 喺22 February 2018搵到.
- ↑ Mele, Christopher (2016-06-28). "After Orlando Shooting, 'False Flag' and 'Crisis Actor' Conspiracy Theories Surface". The New York Times. 喺28 October 2017搵到.
- ↑ Wilson, Jason. "Crisis actors, deep state, false flag: the rise of conspiracy theory code words". The Guardian. 喺22 February 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Crisis Actors Uncovered?". Snopes. 26 October 2015. 喺22 February 2018搵到.
- ↑ Editorial. "Sandy Hook parents sue conspiracy theorist Alex Jones for defamation". Reuters. 喺2018-06-21搵到.
- ↑ Williamson, Elizabeth (2021-11-15). "Alex Jones Loses by Default in Remaining Sandy Hook Defamation Suits". The New York Times (美國英文). ISSN 0362-4331. 喺2021-11-17搵到.
- ↑ "Alex Jones must pay $50m for Sandy Hook hoax claim". BBC News. 5 August 2022.
- ↑ Massie, Graeme (5 August 2022). "Alex Jones ordered to pay additional $45.2m in punitive damages by Texas jury". The Independent (英文).
- ↑ Williamson, Elizabeth (2022-08-04). "A jury said Alex Jones must pay $4 million to the parents of a boy killed at Sandy Hook". The New York Times (美國英文). ISSN 0362-4331. 喺2022-08-05搵到.
- ↑ "Alex Jones concedes Sandy Hook attack was '100% real'". AP NEWS. 3 August 2022. 喺3 November 2022搵到.
- ↑ Spring, Marianna (2023-10-25). "Omer and Omar: How two 4-year-olds were killed and social media denied it". BBC News (英國英文). 原先內容歸檔喺2023-10-25. 喺2023-10-26搵到.
- ↑ Doak, Sam (October 27, 2023). ""Pallywood:" How denial of civilian harm in Gaza has proliferated". Logically (英文). 原先內容歸檔喺2023-10-29. 喺2023-10-29搵到.
- ↑ Bond, Shannon (27 November 2023). "Civilian deaths are being dismissed as 'crisis actors' in Gaza and Israel". NPR. 原先內容歸檔喺28 November 2023. 喺28 November 2023搵到.