大腦皮層
閱讀設定
大腦皮層(粵音:daai6 nou5 pei4 cang4 | 英文:cerebral cortex)係人同埋第啲哺乳類動物嘅大腦最外面嗰浸神經組織(指由神經細胞同膠質細胞組成嘅組織),喺人當中主要由六層嘅新皮層組成,由中央縱裂分做左腦同右腦[1]。
喺多數哺乳類動物當中(除咗一啲個腦細嘅細隻哺乳類之外),大腦皮層表面都好皺,令到塊大腦皮層喺容量受(頭殼嘅)限制下能夠有最大嘅表面積,容納最多嘅神經細胞同有最大嘅資訊處理能力[2]。因為佢嘅龐大資訊處理能力,大腦皮層係成個中央神經系統裏面最大嘅神經訊號整合中心,對感知、注意力、思緒、記憶、語言同意識等嘅認知功能嚟講不可或缺[3]。
解剖
[編輯]睇埋:外套層
腦葉
[編輯]内文:四大腦葉
按照廿一世紀嘅神經科學,大腦皮層可以分做四大腦葉:
- 額葉(frontal):四大腦葉最近額頭嗰一個(額葉)。額葉具有多種功能,對於有意識嘅行為控制同計劃嚟講零舍重要(睇埋管控功能)[4]:
- 頂葉(parietal):位於大腦嘅最頂,係四大腦葉當中最近頭殼頂嗰一個(頂葉)。頂葉其中一樣最出名嘅功能係體覺(指處理身體邊啲部份俾邊啲物件掂住等由皮膚表面探測嘅資訊或者有關體內狀態嘅資訊):頂葉會由丘腦嗰度接收唔同種類嘅感官資訊(由眼嗰度嚟嘅視覺資訊、由耳仔嚟嘅聽覺資訊、由條脷嚟嘅味覺資訊... 等等),並且將呢啲資訊結合埋一齊。頂葉有多個腦區幫手處理呢啲資訊,包括係喺正中央溝嘅後面、負責處理體覺資訊嘅感覺運動皮層[8]。
- 枕葉(occipital):位於大腦嘅最後端,係四大腦葉當中最近後尾枕嗰一個。枕葉出咗名係大腦嘅「視覺中心」:視覺泛指一個認知系統對光嘅感應;人等嘅多種動物有眼呢種感官,眼塊視網膜上嘅感光細胞會感應入咗眼嘅光,並且向個腦射訊號,話俾個腦知感應到啲點樣(顏色同光度等)嘅光;喺四大腦葉當中,枕葉同眼之間嘅連繫零舍強。
- 顳葉(temporal):位於其餘三個腦葉下端嘅位置,位置上近耳仔[9]。神經科學研究表明,顳葉上側、後側同外側等多個部份都會參與高層嘅聽覺資訊處理:耳仔會將收到外界資訊傳送到去顳葉嘅主要聽覺皮層嗰度,主要聽覺皮層會係噉咦處理吓啲資訊,並且初步噉將啲資訊詮釋同歸類(例如聽到某啲聲之後初步噉斷定啲聲係語言定係第啲類型嘅聲)[10],然後塊主要聽覺皮層就會將唔同類嘅聽覺資訊傳去唔同嘅次要聽覺皮層嗰度。
睇埋
[編輯]引述
[編輯]- ↑ Strominger, Norman L.; Demarest, Robert J.; Laemle, Lois B. (2012). "Cerebral Cortex". Noback's Human Nervous System, Seventh Edition. Humana Press. pp. 429–451.
- ↑ Fernández, V; Llinares-Benadero, C; Borrell, V (17 May 2016). "Cerebral cortex expansion and folding: what have we learned?" (PDF). The EMBO Journal. 35 (10): 1021–44.
- ↑ Saladin, Kenneth (2011). Human anatomy (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 416–422.
- ↑ Kimberg D.Y., Farah M.J. (December 1993). "A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage: the role of working memory in complex, organized behavior". Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 122 (4): 411–28.
- ↑ Chelune, G. J., Ferguson, W., Koon, R., & Dickey, T. O. (1986). Frontal lobe disinhibition in attention deficit disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 16(4), 221-234.
- ↑ Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., Wade, D., & McGrath, J. (1994). Emotion-related learning in patients with social and emotional changes associated with frontal lobe damage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 57(12), 1518-1524.
- ↑ Niedermeyer, E. (2001). Frontal lobe disinhibition, Rett syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Electroencephalography, 32(1), 20-23.
- ↑ Van der Loos, H., & Woolsey, T. A. (1973). Somatosensory cortex: structural alterations following early injury to sense organs. Science, 179(4071), 395-398.
- ↑ What to know about the temporal lobe. Medical News Today.
- ↑ Recanzone, G. A., Schreiner, C. E., & Merzenich, M. M. (1993). Plasticity in the frequency representation of primary auditory cortex following discrimination training in adult owl monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience, 13(1), 87-103.