心流
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
一個人聚精會神打緊隻籃球遊戲；佢似乎處於相當程度嘅心流狀態。
心流體驗（粵拼：sam1 lau4 tai2 jim6；英文：flow experience），通常簡稱心流（psychological flow / flow），係一種特殊嘅心理狀態。經歷心流嘅人通常係做緊某樣要求技術嘅作業，嗰樣作業為佢提供到一定程度嘅挑戰，唔係太易又唔係太難（即係所謂嘅「適度挑戰」，optimal challenge），於是令佢進入一個高度專注嘅狀態，感覺好享受嗰樣作業。呢個狀態會維持一段時間，直至件作業結束為止[1]。心流可以由好多唔同嘅作業引致，包括運動[2]、畫畫[3]、捉棋[4]以及打機[5]等嘅活動都可以引起心流（只要件作業能夠為做嗰個人提供適度挑戰）。
- 極度嘅專注；
- 自我意識減弱；
- 覺得有信心能夠控制發生緊乜事；
- 覺得時間好似過得好快噉；
- 覺得「好似同件作業結合咗埋一齊」噉；
- 覺得件作業好有價值。
一件引致心流嘅作業通常有以下嘅特徵（可以睇埋有意義嘅玩）：
喺實驗性嘅心流研究上，最常用嚟人工噉引起心流嘅方法係曉調控自身難度嘅遊戲：想像一個研究者想做實驗研究心流，一種常見嘅做法係研究者寫個簡單嘅遊戲程式，令隻遊戲曉調整自己嘅難度，從而做到為玩家提供適度挑戰嘅效果，然後研究者就可以靠呢個遊戲程式引起心流，跟住研究心流呢種心理狀態－例：個研究者搵班受試者返實驗室，要佢哋一路玩一隻曉調整自己難度嘅遊戲，一路用腦電圖（EEG）等嘅方法量度受試者嘅腦活動，靠噉研究心流狀態同乜嘢腦活動有關[7]。因為心流體驗往往會令經歷者變到好鍾意做引起心流嗰件作業，所以對心流嘅研究喺教育學、管理學同遊戲設計等嘅領域上都有用[8]。
生理研究[編輯]
目前嘅研究指，心流狀態係一個有少少心理壓力嘅狀態：例如有研究發現，一個人喺進入心流狀態嗰時心率變化度（heart-rate variability，HRV）會下降（HRV 下降一般表示個人感受到壓力）[9]。
睇埋[編輯]
參考文獻[編輯]
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-Bass.
- Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1996), Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention, New York: Harper Perennial, ISBN 978-0-06-092820-9
- Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1996), Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement With Everyday Life, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02411-7 (a popular exposition emphasizing technique)
- Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (2003), Good Business: Leadership, Flow, and the Making of Meaning, New York: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-200409-8
- Egbert, Joy (2003), "A Study of Flow Theory in the Foreign Language Classroom", The Modern Language Journal, 87 (4): 499–518, doi:10.1111/1540-4781.00204
- Jackson, Susan A. & Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1999), Flow in Sports: The Keys to Optimal Experiences and Performances, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, ISBN 978-0-88011-876-7
- Mainemelis, Charalampos (2001), "When the Muse Takes It All: A Model for the Experience of Timelessness in Organizations", The Academy of Management Review, 26 (4): 548–565, doi:10.2307/3560241, JSTOR 3560241
- Martins, J., Costa, C., Oliveira, T., Gonçalves, R., & Branco, F. (2019). How smartphone advertising influences consumers' purchase intention (PDF). Journal of Business Research, 94, 378-387.
攷[編輯]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.). (1992). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. Cambridge university press.
- ↑ Jackson, S. A. (1996). Toward a conceptual understanding of the flow experience in elite athletes. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 67(1), 76-90.
- ↑ Keller, J., & Blomann, F. (2008). Locus of control and the flow experience: An experimental analysis. European Journal of Personality: Published for the European Association of Personality Psychology, 22(7), 589-607.
- ↑ Tozman, T., Zhang, Y. Y., & Vollmeyer, R. (2017). Inverted U-shaped function between flow and cortisol release during chess play. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(1), 247-268.
- ↑ Klasen, M., Weber, R., Kircher, T. T., Mathiak, K. A., & Mathiak, K. (2012). Neural contributions to flow experience during video game playing. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 7(4), 485-495.
- ↑ Nakamura, J.; Csikszentmihályi, M. (20 December 2001). "Flow Theory and Research". In C. R. Snyder Erik Wright, and Shane J. Lopez (ed.). Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–206.
- ↑ Tozman, T., Magdas, E. S., MacDougall, H. G., & Vollmeyer, R. (2015). Understanding the psychophysiology of flow: A driving simulator experiment to investigate the relationship between flow and heart rate variability. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 408-418.
- ↑ Kiili, K. (2005). On educational game design: Building blocks of flow experience. Tampere University of Technology.
- ↑ Tozman, T., Magdas, E. S., MacDougall, H. G., & Vollmeyer, R. (2015). Understanding the psychophysiology of flow: A driving simulator experiment to investigate the relationship between flow and heart rate variability. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 408-418.
