心流

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
跳去導覽 跳去搵嘢
一個人聚精會神打緊隻籃球遊戲；佢似乎處於相當程度嘅心流狀態。

心流體驗（粵拼：sam1 lau4 tai2 jim6；英文：flow experience），簡稱心流（psychological flow / flow），係一種俾人譽為「最佳體驗」（optimal experience）嘅心理狀態。經歷心流嘅人通常係做緊某樣要求技術嘅活動，而嗰樣活動為佢提供一定程度嘅挑戰，唔係太易又唔係太難（即係所謂嘅適度挑戰，optimal challenge），佢就會一路做一路進入一個高度專注嘅狀態，感覺好享受嗰樣活動，一路直至活動結束為止，呢個高度專注同愉快嘅狀態就係所謂嘅心流[1]。研究證實咗，心流可以由好多唔同嘅活動引起，包括運動[2]、畫畫[3]、捉棋[4]以及打機[5]等嘅活動都可以引起心流－只要嗰樣活動能夠為做嗰個人提供適度挑戰就得。

心流體驗吸引咗多個領域嘅研究者關注：一方面，心理學同神經科學等認知科學（cognitive science）領域有興趣想知一個人處於心流狀態嗰陣個腦發生緊乜嘢事[6]；另一方面，心流往往能夠令一個人覺得好享受引起心流嗰樣活動，以及想進一步提升自己喺嗰樣活動上嘅技術[7]，所以對心流嘅研究亦都有助於思考點樣幫人學習同享受一樣活動－而呢啲課題對於教育學、管理學同遊戲設計等嘅領域嚟講都相當有用[8][9]。

喺實驗性嘅心流研究上，最常用嚟人工噉引起心流嘅方法係曉調控自身難度嘅遊戲：最能夠引起心流嘅係適度挑戰；想像一個研究者想做實驗研究心流，佢可以寫個簡單嘅電子遊戲程式，令隻遊戲曉按玩家嘅能力調整自己嘅難度[註 1]，從而做到為玩家提供適度挑戰嘅效果，然後研究者就可以靠呢個遊戲程式引起心流，跟住就研究心流呢種心理狀態－例：個研究者搵班受試者返實驗室，要佢哋一路玩一隻曉調整自己難度嘅遊戲，一路用腦電圖（EEG）等嘅方法量度受試者嘅腦活動，靠噉研究心流狀態同乜嘢腦活動有關[10]。

特徵[編輯]

定義上，心流有以下嘅特徵[1][11]：

  • 極度嘅專注，而且經歷心流嗰個人通常會話覺得唔使點樣花費精神就做到呢樣嘢（毫不費力嘅注意力；effortless attention）[註 2][6][12]；
  • 多個要有意識做嘅認知過程停止[6]：
    • 自我意識減弱；
    • 覺得有信心能夠控制發生緊乜事；
    • 覺得時間好似過得好快噉；
    • 覺得「好似同件工作結合咗埋一齊」噉；
  • 覺得件工作好有價值。

一件引致心流嘅工作通常有以下嘅特徵（可以睇埋有意義嘅玩）：

  1. 有明確嘅目的；
  2. 會對做嗰個人俾清晰嘅回輸（feedback）；
  3. 適度挑戰（optimal challenge）[13]。

操作化[編輯]

「難度」（difficulty）呢個概念可以用好多唔同方法操作化（operationalize）。

  • 喺俄羅斯方塊當中，難度可以用啲磚跌落嚟嘅速度量度。
  • 喺一隻涉及玩家避開敵人嘅遊戲（例如食鬼）當中，難度嘅適當度可以用以下呢個指標量度[14]：
    ；
    當中 係指玩家每一次玩，要行咗幾多步啲敵人先成功殺死佢， 係玩咗 局之後嘅 平均值， 係喺嗰 局當中 嘅最大值，而 係一個參數。

生理研究[編輯]

目前嘅研究指，心流狀態係一個有少少心理壓力嘅狀態：例如有研究發現，一個人喺進入心流狀態嗰時心率變化度（heart-rate variability，HRV）會下降（HRV 下降一般表示個人感受到壓力）[4]。

應用[編輯]

玩家玩嗰陣經歷嘅心流可以用嚟評價一隻電子遊戲[15]。

註釋[編輯]

  1. ↑ 即係個遊戲程式喺玩家表現差嗰陣會降低難度，喺玩家表現好嗰陣會提升難度；睇埋動態難度調控。
  2. ↑ 呢點同認為「愈係專注就愈需要花費精神先做得到」嘅廿世紀注意力理論唔相容。

睇埋[編輯]

參考文獻[編輯]

  • Abuhamdeh, S. (2020). Investigating the "flow" experience: Key conceptual and operational issues. Frontiers in Psychology.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-Bass.
  • Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1996), Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention, New York: Harper Perennial, ISBN 978-0-06-092820-9
  • Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1996), Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement With Everyday Life, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02411-7 (a popular exposition emphasizing technique).
  • Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (2003), Good Business: Leadership, Flow, and the Making of Meaning, New York: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-200409-8.
  • Dietrich, A., & Stoll, O. (2010). Effortless attention, hypofrontality, and perfectionism (PDF). Effortless attention: A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action, 159-178.
  • Ellis, G. D., Freeman, P. A., Jamal, T., & Jiang, J. (2019). A theory of structured experience (PDF). Annals of Leisure Research, 22(1), 97-118.
  • Jackson, Susan A. & Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1999), Flow in Sports: The Keys to Optimal Experiences and Performances, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, ISBN 978-0-88011-876-7
  • Mainemelis, Charalampos (2001), "When the Muse Takes It All: A Model for the Experience of Timelessness in Organizations", The Academy of Management Review, 26 (4): 548–565, doi:10.2307/3560241, JSTOR 3560241
  • Martins, J., Costa, C., Oliveira, T., Gonçalves, R., & Branco, F. (2019). How smartphone advertising influences consumers' purchase intention (PDF). Journal of Business Research, 94, 378-387.
  • Tse, D. C., Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2020). Beyond challenge-seeking and skill-building: Toward the lifespan developmental perspective on flow theory (PDF). The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(2), 171-182.
  • Weber, R., & Fisher, J. T. (2020). Flow. The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, 1-5.

攷[編輯]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.). (1992). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. Cambridge university press.
  2. ↑ Jackson, S. A. (1996). Toward a conceptual understanding of the flow experience in elite athletes. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 67(1), 76-90.
  3. ↑ Keller, J., & Blomann, F. (2008). Locus of control and the flow experience: An experimental analysis. European Journal of Personality: Published for the European Association of Personality Psychology, 22(7), 589-607.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tozman, T., Zhang, Y. Y., & Vollmeyer, R. (2017). Inverted U-shaped function between flow and cortisol release during chess play. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(1), 247-268.
  5. ↑ Klasen, M., Weber, R., Kircher, T. T., Mathiak, K. A., & Mathiak, K. (2012). Neural contributions to flow experience during video game playing. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 7(4), 485-495.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Dietrich, A., & Stoll, O. (2010). Effortless attention, hypofrontality, and perfectionism. Effortless attention: A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action, 159-178.
  7. ↑ Tse, D. C., Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2020). Beyond challenge-seeking and skill-building: Toward the lifespan developmental perspective on flow theory (PDF). The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(2), 171-182.
  8. ↑ Erhel, S., & Jamet, E. (2019). Improving instructions in educational computer games: Exploring the relations between goal specificity, flow experience and learning outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 106-114.
  9. ↑ Kiili, K. (2005). On educational game design: Building blocks of flow experience. Tampere University of Technology.
  10. ↑ Tozman, T., Magdas, E. S., MacDougall, H. G., & Vollmeyer, R. (2015). Understanding the psychophysiology of flow: A driving simulator experiment to investigate the relationship between flow and heart rate variability. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 408-418.
  11. ↑ Nakamura, J.; Csikszentmihályi, M. (20 December 2001). "Flow Theory and Research". In C. R. Snyder Erik Wright, and Shane J. Lopez (ed.). Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–206.
  12. ↑ Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  13. ↑ Fong, C. J., Zaleski, D. J., & Leach, J. K. (2015). The challenge-skill balance and antecedents of flow: A meta-analytic investigation (PDF). The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 425-446.
  14. ↑ Yannakakis, G. N., & Hallam, J. (2007). Towards optimizing entertainment in computer games. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 21(10), 933-971.
  15. ↑ Sweetser, P., & Johnson, D. (2019, December). GameFlow and Player Experience Measures: An Initial Comparison of Conceptual Constructs. In Proceedings of the 31st Australian Conference on Human-Computer-Interaction (pp. 317-321).

拎[編輯]

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