抑制控制

抑制控制（英文：inhibitory control / response inhibition）喺行為科學上係指一個個體喺有股衝動想去做某樣嘢、但知道呢樣嘢唔應該做嗰陣，作出抑制嘅認知功能。

基本概念

呢個概念可以用去-唔去（go/no go）嘅測試嚟諗；又想像家陣擺隻大鼠喺個籠入面，籠入面有個掣同一盞燈^[1]^[2]，

每當盞燈閃綠色光（去訊號；go signal）嗰陣，隻大鼠就要喺 1 秒內去撳個掣，撳啱咗嘅話就有嘢食；而經驗顯示，隻大鼠好快就會學識一見到盞燈閃綠色光就去撳掣。
跟住想像加一條新嘅規則，由而家開始，每次盞燈閃綠色光嗰陣，都有若干機率（ $p$ ， $0<p<1$ ）會係盞燈喺 0.2 秒之後閃紅色光（唔去訊號；no-go signal），如果出現咗唔去訊號，噉隻大鼠就要唔好去撳掣，而如果佢冇做到抑制自己撳掣嘅行動嘅話，就會受到懲罰，例如個籠會有電流通過電佢，令佢有痛嘅感覺；

每當隻大鼠見到去閃綠燈（去訊號）嗰陣，佢都會為咗想有嘢食而有股動力去撳掣（行動），而如果跟住出現紅燈（唔去訊號），佢就需要停低唔好做出「撳掣」呢一個舉動（抑制就嚟要郁手做嘅行動）。一隻動物－無論係大鼠定係人都好－喺去-唔去測試當中「對唔去訊號俾正確嘅反應嘅機率」（ $Z$ ）就反映咗佢嘅抑制控制能力^[1]^[3]。

一般認為，衝動係同抑制控制成大致反比嘅：去-唔去測試嘅研究方法可以攞嚟喺人身上做^{[註 1]}；一個人抑制控制能力愈高，就反映佢嘅衝動程度愈低，反之亦然；如果話一個人衝動嘅話，就表示佢抑制控制能力低，成日都會一見到想要做嘅嘢就即刻郁手去做，明知噉做會有後果都係照做；例如一個因為衝動而暴飲暴食嘅人噉，佢往往都係一見到嘢食（去訊號）就會有股衝動走去食（行動），就算佢跟住就諗起「食得多得滯會搞到自己肥」嘅後果（唔去訊號），都照樣繼續食（抑制失敗）^[4]。除咗暴飲暴食之外，抑制控制能力亦都同好多衝動相關嘅心理病有啦掕－例如係過度活躍症（ADHD）^[5]同爛賭^[6]等嘅心理病嘅患者都傾向有抑制控制能力過低嘅情況。

註釋

↑ 因為道德嘅問題，做喺人身上嘅研究正路唔會用電引起嘅痛或者籠，而係會用人道啲嘅嘢做懲罰，例如「失敗咗就會搞到參與實驗得到嘅獎金減少」呀噉。

睇埋

攷

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between continuous performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 31(5), 543-554.
↑ Smillie, L. D., Dalgleish, L. I., & Jackson, C. J. (2007). Distinguishing between learning and motivation in behavioral tests of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(4), 476-489.
↑ Diana H. Fishbein (Ed.). (2000). The science, treatment, and prevention of antisocial behaviors: Application to the criminal justice system (Vol. 1). Civic Research Institute, Inc..
↑ Newton, J. R., Freeman, C. P., & Munro, J. (1993). Impulsivity and dyscontrol in bulimia nervosa: is impulsivity an independent phenomenon or a marker of severity?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87(6), 389-394.
↑ Bezdjian, S., Baker, L. A., Lozano, D. I., & Raine, A. (2009). Assessing inattention and impulsivity in children during the Go/NoGo task. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 365-383.
↑ Chowdhury, N. S., Livesey, E. J., Blaszczynski, A., & Harris, J. A. (2017). Pathological gambling and motor impulsivity: a systematic review with meta-analysis (PDF). Journal of gambling studies, 33(4), 1213-1239.

呢篇同心理學相關嘅文係楔位文。歡迎幫維基百科擴寫佢。

[4] 因為道德嘅問題，做喺人身上嘅研究正路唔會用電引起嘅痛或者籠，而係會用人道啲嘅嘢做懲罰，例如「失敗咗就會搞到參與實驗得到嘅獎金減少」呀噉。

[epstein2003-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between continuous performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 31(5), 543-554.

[smillie2007-2] Smillie, L. D., Dalgleish, L. I., & Jackson, C. J. (2007). Distinguishing between learning and motivation in behavioral tests of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(4), 476-489.

[3] Diana H. Fishbein (Ed.). (2000). The science, treatment, and prevention of antisocial behaviors: Application to the criminal justice system (Vol. 1). Civic Research Institute, Inc..

[newton1993-5] Newton, J. R., Freeman, C. P., & Munro, J. (1993). Impulsivity and dyscontrol in bulimia nervosa: is impulsivity an independent phenomenon or a marker of severity?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87(6), 389-394.

[bezidjian2009-6] Bezdjian, S., Baker, L. A., Lozano, D. I., & Raine, A. (2009). Assessing inattention and impulsivity in children during the Go/NoGo task. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 365-383.

[7] Chowdhury, N. S., Livesey, E. J., Blaszczynski, A., & Harris, J. A. (2017). Pathological gambling and motor impulsivity: a systematic review with meta-analysis (PDF). Journal of gambling studies, 33(4), 1213-1239.

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