格倫菲爾大廈火災
2017年6月14日凌晨發生嘅火災 | |
| 日期 | 6月14號 |
|---|---|
| 時間 | 00:54 BST (首次通報) |
| 地點 | Grenfell Tower, 北肯辛頓, 倫敦, 英國 |
| 坐標 | |
| 起因 | 雪櫃電力故障,大廈外牆易燃覆蓋物加速火勢蔓延[1] |
| 結果 | |
| 死亡人數 | 72 |
| 受傷人數 | 74 (20 例嚴重) |
| 財產損失 | 估計2億-10億英鎊[3] |
| 查詢 | Public inquiry 公開聽證會2017年9月14日開始。最終報告係2024年9月4日發布。 |
| 審訊 | 72名受害者;等待警方調查結果。 |
喺2017年6月14號,英國西倫敦北肯辛頓嘅24層高嘅格倫菲爾大廈喺英國夏令時間00:54發生火災,一共燒咗60個鐘頭。70人當場證實死亡,2人送院後死亡,超過70人受傷,223人逃離災難。呢場係自1988年派珀阿爾法石油平台災難以來,英國最致命嘅結構性火災,亦係自第二次世界大戰the Blitz以來最嚴重嘅英國住宅火災。
火災係由四樓雪櫃嘅電路故障引發。 [4]由於 Grenfell 係一座現代嘅大廈,原本係用混凝土建造,由於造工參差不齊,所以安裝窗戶之後,窗框間隙唔均勻,所以承建商用可燃膠質泡沫補返呢啲缺口,諗住可以保持氣密性。 [5]點知呢啲泡沫材料就為火勢進入大廈嘅媒介,外牆覆層由150毫米(5.9英寸)嘅可燃聚异氰酸酯硬質保溫板組成,外面包左鋁複合板,當中包括一個2毫米(0.079英寸)高度可燃聚乙烯填料,用嚟將每個面板面粘合埋一齊。
典型嘅雨幕覆層系統,會喺隔熱板同包覆板之間留一個通風腔;但係大樓入面用黎抑止火勢蔓延嘅防火腔隔物,設置得唔好或者唔合符規格,而加劇咗火災嘅蔓延速度,冇辦法控制嘅垂直同水平向大樓擴散。 [6]
火災隨即被宣布為重大事故,超過250名倫敦消防隊消防員,70架消防車參與救火同救援工作。倫敦救護服務隊亦派出過百名救護員同至少20架救護車,並由危害區域應變隊專責醫護人員支援。大都會警察同倫敦嘅空中救護車亦都協助咗救援工作。
火災引發英國史上最具規模、多層級平行調查,警方多次深入調查(喺2025年發表)同埋驗屍官嘅死因研究。
調查範圍涵蓋大樓物業管理方,肯辛頓-切爾西自治市議會、委託管理嘅[[肯辛頓及切爾西TMO(負責當地公營租賃住宅之承租人管理組織)嘅決策管理、消防應變、人員部署、政府部門通訊與建議失當、建材供應鏈責任、驗建制度、消防規範、成本控制與去管制政策等多項議題。
火災後,自治市議會領袖、副領袖同行政總裁辭職,公營住宅管理權亦收返,交比議會直接掌管。英國政府係事後委託進行獨立審查,並喺2018年5月發布建築法規及防火制度改革報告。其後,英國及多國政府陸續檢視具有類似外牆覆層Grenfell高層建築,並推動覆層更換工程。然而亦引發英國建築覆層危機。
議會事後委託進行獨立審查,針對建築法規同消防安全制度改革,並喺2018年5月發表咗一份報告。其後,英國同多國政府陸續檢視具有類似外牆覆層嘅高樓大廈,並推動覆蓋層更換工程,引發英國大廈外牆覆蓋物危機。
火災喺2017年9月14日展開,針對火災發生當日嘅事實調查。調查嘅第一份報告嘅結果喺2019年10月發佈,認定咗樓宇嘅外牆唔符合規定,係火災迅速蔓延嘅主因,亦指出消防處太遲先叫居民疏散先令到咁多人死傷。
2020年1月27日開始第二階段調查,著重喺制度性因素同管理責任。經過廣泛嘅聽證會,調查嘅最終報告喺2025年2月26日發表,政府同日正式回應並接受所有58項建議,承諾推動全面改善。警方目前持續蒐證,以決定係咪移交皇家檢控署作出刑事訴訟;預期2026年底前唔會正式提出案件,審判最早會係2027年展開。
2023年4月,22家企業同機構(含覆層製造商Arconic、家電商Whirlpool及多個政府部門)約900名受害者達成民事和解。截至2025年2月,另有7家組織涉及專業不當行為仍在調查中。
Grenfell Tower嘅拆除工作喺2025年9月開始,預計需要兩年時間。
背景
[編輯]
Grenfell Tower 係蘭開斯特西莊園Grenfell一部分,為位於北肯辛頓Grenfell地方議會住宅群組。呢座24層高嘅大廈係由克利福德·威爾登建築事務所(Clifford Wearden and Associates)喺1967年設計[7][8],而肯辛頓同切爾西倫敦市區議會[9][10]喺1967年批准建造[11]。
樓高67.30米(220英尺10英寸)含 120 個一房同兩房單位。 [12]上面20層(共24層)係住宅樓層,每層都有一個公共大堂同六個住宅,當中有十間睡房。 [12]下邊四層原本係用嚟做非住宅項目。 [15]後來,兩層較低嘅樓層改建成住宅用途,總共有129個公寓,最多可以居住600人。 [13]呢座大廈嘅原始首席建築師, Nigel Whitbread 喺2016年話,呢座大樓嘅設計係喺根據1968年羅南角災難之後嘅安全標準黎起,結構堅固,可以再用一百年 — from what I can see could last another hundred year. [16]
同英國其他大廈一樣,Grenfell Tower嘅設計係喺火災發生時,係根據「停留政策」(Stay Put)運作。預計火勢會被區域防火隔間同防煙門控制係起火處,只有受影響之住戶需撤離[17]。 [18]呢座大廈嘅設計係冇考慮全棟撤離情況,所以冇中央火災警鐘系統,只有一條中央樓梯。 [19] [20]同其他好多國家嘅法規唔同,英國嘅法規係唔需要有多條樓梯。 [20] 2010年曾發生一場樓層大廳火災,因迅速撲滅未造成傷亡。 [21]
管理與物業所有權
[編輯]1996年前,Grenfell Tower係由車路士倫敦市區議會直接管理。
喺1996年,議會創立咗肯辛頓同車路士 TMO ( KCTMO ),呢個係一個租客管理組織,佢會管理佢嘅議會房屋業權。 [22] KCTMO 有一個董事會,由八個居民(租客或租戶)、四個議會任命嘅成員同三個獨立成員組成。 [23]呢座大廈係議會房屋(類似公屋),但係其中十四個單位係根據「買房權計畫」政策賣左比原住戶,有部份喺公開市場上私人出租。 [24]
2015—2016年整修工程
[編輯]
Grenfell Tower 係2012年嗰陣宣布會進行大規模嘅翻新工程,預計2015至2016年完成。 [13] [25]翻新內容包括新窗框、分戶水熱供暖系統,以及外覆鋁複合雨遮式外牆板(rainscreen cladding)。 [26] [27] [28]根據申請文件,覆蓋層嘅目的係提高暖氣同能源效率,同埋改善外觀。
哈雷幕牆公司(Harley Facades)嘅馬克·哈里斯表示「從自身利益出發」,佢地公司更傾向用平啲嘅鋁複合材料。 [29] [25]
大廈用咗兩種包覆:由兩款包覆鋁板組成, Arconic公司生產嘅 Reynobond PE(由兩片鋁板壓合聚乙烯芯材)、Reynolux鋁面板,佢哋融合粘合喺聚乙烯芯嘅兩邊;同埋雷諾魯克斯鋁板。
保溫層下面、固定喺公寓牆身嘅外面,係Celotex RS5000 PIR隔熱材料。 [30] [31] [32]由於成本問題,拒絕咗一種耐火性更好嘅替代品。 [33]
原本嘅承包商— Leadbitter,因為佢哋嘅報價係1,127.8萬英鎊,比起預算高咗 160萬 所以被 KCTMO 淘汰 。所以呢份合約被 Rydon 投中返黎,佢嘅報價比 Leadbitter 低 250 萬英鎊。 [34] Rydon 以 870 萬英鎊進行翻新工程,Artelia負責合約管理,Max Fordham 擔任專業機電顧問。 [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]呢個外牆覆蓋係由東薩塞克斯州克勞伯勒嘅 Harley Facades 去做安裝,成本係 260萬英鎊。 [39]
安全疑慮
[編輯]居民喺火災發生嘅幾年前已經表達咗重大嘅安全隱憂。 [40] 12年前,一份報告批評咗大廈嘅緊急照明設施不足。 [41] Grenfell 行動小組( GAG )開咗個Blog,喺呢個 Blog 入面揭露咗重大嘅安全問題,批評議會同 KCTMO 忽略消防安全同大廈維護。
喺2013年,呢個組織發佈咗由 KCTMO 衛生安全官員喺2012年嘅火災風險評估,內容列出多項疑慮:大廈上嘅消防設備已經長達四年冇檢查過;現場嘅滅火筒已經過期,有啲滅火器上面甚至標示「報廢」呢個字。
GAG 多次試圖聯絡 KCTMO 管理層;佢哋亦都警告咗議會房屋及物業嘅內閣成員,但係佢哋從來都冇收到回覆。 [42] [43]喺2013年,議會以「誹謗與滋擾」為由威脅 Blog 成員,仲話會採取法律行動,話佢哋嘅帖子等於「抹黑同騷擾」。 [44]住喺Grenfell Tower嘅兩個女人,瑪麗姆 · 埃爾格瓦里(Mariem Elgwahry)同納迪亞 · 喬凱爾(Nadia Choucair),佢哋為咗改善消防安全而參加競選,亦都被威脅過 [45],佢哋後來喺火災中死咗,分別係27同34歲。 [46]
2016年1月,GAG警告 — 如果廈發生火災,住戶可能會被困喺大樓內。 GAG指出,大廈只有一個出入口,走廊上堆滿了垃圾,例如舊床墊。GAG除咗提出可能會發生喺Grenfell 危機之外,都經常引用其他高層建築嘅火災案例[47] 。
[48] 。
2016年11月,GAG 將 KCTMO形容為「邪惡、毫無原則嘅小型黑手黨」,並指責該委員會無視健康和安全法規。
only a catastrophic event will expose the ineptitude and incompetence of [KCTMO]"[We] predict that it won't be long before the words of this blog come back to haunt the KCTMO management and we will do everything in our power to ensure that those in authority know how long and how appallingly our landlord has ignored their responsibility to ensure the health and safety of their tenants and leaseholders. They can't say that they haven't been warned!"
火災發生前幾個月,The Grenfell Tower Leaseholders' Association 租賃業主協會都對外露嘅瓦斯管道表示擔憂。[49]因為大多樓大廈都冇 自動灑水系統[50]
同時,喺2016年6月,一位獨立評估員喺 Grenfell Tower 揭示咗40個嚴重嘅消防安全問題,並建議喺幾個星期內採取行動。喺10月,評估員再質問 KCTMO 點解喺六月嗰份報告入面,超過20個問題都冇採取行動。到11月,倫敦消防同緊急計劃局發出咗一份防火通知,列出咗Grenfell Tower嘅好多消防安全問題,需要 KCTMO 喺2017年5月前採取行動。重點包括防煙門、排煙系統同消防員嘅升降機控制。 [51] [52]
以往嘅覆層火災及應變措施
[編輯]其中一個最早涉及包覆材料嘅火災係1973年馬恩島嘅夏蘭德災難,造成50人死亡。火災迅速傳播到休閒中心嘅部分原因,係因為大廈外部嘅亞克力板材。 [53] [54]喺1991年嘅諾斯利高地火災中,由於佢嘅外牆覆蓋,火勢蔓延到一座11層高嘅大廈嘅全部高度,雖然佢冇進入內部,亦都冇人受傷。 [55]喺2009年,外部嘅複合板亦都喺南華克嘅拉卡納爾屋火災嘅擴散中發揮咗作用。 [56]喺Grenfell Tower火災發生三日後, 《衛報》嘅一篇文章將呢件事形容為「預言嘅悲劇」,強調之前曾經發生過包覆火災,例如2015年阿拉伯聯合酋長國杜拜嘅碼頭火炬發生火災。 [57]由於1999年嘅加諾克法院火災,蘇格蘭政府下令拆除層板,並制定法例阻止佢哋嘅安裝。
初起(00:50 – 01:15)
[編輯]
2017年6月14日星期三凌晨約00時50分(英國夏令時間 UTC + 1 ),當時四樓嘅16號單位有個雪櫃苜先起火。單位居民貝海盧·凱貝德(Behailu Kebede)被煙霧警報器喚嚇醒。佢發現雪櫃入面有煙之後,通知咗佢嘅借宿者同鄰居,之後喺00:54打電話去倫敦消防局 LFB 。 [58] [60]
頭兩架消防車(「泵」),喺00:55.14由北肯辛頓消防站調動,分別喺00:59.28同00:59.14到達。 [61] [62] [63]最初嘅事件指揮官麥可·道登(Michael Dowden)話,火勢初時,只係喺窗邊有少少微光。 [64]另外兩架泵車亦都被派遣。 [65] [66]當時政策係要求高樓住宅喺火災中,除非火勢波及室內,居民應留返係原地[58] ,因為每個單位都應該對鄰居防火。同樣因為呢個政策,呢座大廈係冇中央火災警報器。
大部分消防員進入大廈之後,喺二樓設置咗個橋頭(內部行動基地),將水喉連接到乾式立管。佢哋喺01:07分第一次進入到16號單位。7分鐘之後,佢哋先開始處理廚房嘅火災。大約01點08分,火勢開始蔓延到窗框。 [66]只係幾分鐘之內,外層包板亦迅速起火。
指揮官觀察到呢個情況,喺01:13要求多2架消防車同一部空中器材做增援,同埋要派遣高級官員、一個消防調查組同兩架指揮車。 [66] 四樓橋頭嘅班長(Crew Manager)克里斯多福·塞克雷特(Christopher Secrett)同外部指揮官麥可·道登(Michael Dowden)喺01:06左右傾過救火計劃。Michael 留意到火災破窗,並提出用覆蓋水噴射器噴灑,但Christopher 擔心所產生嘅蒸汽灼傷即將岩岩入去嘅兩名消防員,所以冇採納到。 [67]
快速向上蔓延( 01 : 15 – 01 : 30)
[編輯]
消防員開始撲滅廚房嘅火嗰陣,一條火焰柱好快就喺大廈側邊向上推進。喺01點15分,一名消防員喺26號單位(16號單位正上方)發現有煙霧,另一名消防員喺五、六樓發現逃離煙霧嘅居民,而大廈外面有大量燃燒緊嘅碎片墜落。 [66]外牆火勢以「極速且令人恐懼」向側邊擴散。 [68]外部噴射機嘗試救火都失敗,因為火大部分都係喺防水層與雨遮板後方。 [66]到01點30分,火柱已延伸到頂樓,而火勢越嚟越失控。 [69] [66]東部外牆嘅火災向側邊擴散,令到煙霧同火焰進入多個單位。 [70] [68] [71] [72]
到01點18分,293個居民當中有34個已經撤離。 [58]最繁忙嘅疏散階段係01:18至01:38之間,當時110人撤離, [58]好多人喺因為煙霧探測器而被喚醒。由於齋月,好多穆斯林居民因為要準備黎明前Grenfell封齋飯(suhur)未訓,令佢哋可以及時通知鄰居。 [73] [74] [75]
喺呢段時間, LFB 迅速升級應變規模。喺01:19,消防車由6架增至8架去救援單位,亦都派出咗一個專業嘅消防救援組、有散裝呼吸器架同損壞控制組。
消防車喺01:24 再增加到十架,然後喺01:27再加到15架,派出第二架雲梯。2分鐘後,有20架消防車,再動員多另外兩個消防救援單位,而消防車係01:35增加至25架,並通知副局長趕赴現場。 [66]倫敦消防隊嘅專員丹尼 · 科頓亦都趕到現場。 [77]大都會警務處( MPS )喺01:24被叫去管理外面聚集嘅市民。 [66]五分鐘後,倫敦救護服務亦都被叫嚟。 [66]
被困居民同救援任務(25:30-26:04)
[編輯]由於消防門冇閂好同封好,煙霧開始由受影響嘅單位擴散到大堂。 [65]01:33, LFB 已經收到居民嘅電話,佢哋報告話被困喺佢哋嘅單位入面。 [66]喺01:30至01:40之間,煙霧開始進入到後樓梯。 [58]調查後,估計就算後樓梯有煙都仲可以通行到超過半個鐘。 [78]1:38至01:58,疏散速度放緩,只有20人離開大廈。 [58] 01:58仍然被困嘅人當中有超過一半人最後係死亡,而有48人喺01:58至03:58期間被救出。 [58]火勢繼續向外側擴散,到01點42分已經到達北側。 [65]
接線生將受困住戶資訊整理好,轉交至現場指揮官。但係無線電通訊受到噪音與訊息量干擾,同埋建築結構可能阻隔訊號,令到現場溝通有困難,佢地遂改以傳紙仔方式通訊,啲跑腿喺指揮車往返二樓橋頭指揮站送達資訊;消防員就係嗰到依指示前往指定樓層進行搜索同救援。 [79]消防員戴上呼吸器,然後去到單位度搵居民。
消防員爬上 四樓以上時,遇到濃煙、能見度等於零同極度炎熱。 [62] [80]有啲居民為咗逃避煙霧,已經搬咗去其他位置。有三個消防員去廿樓救一個 12 歲女童嘅;但係個女童走咗廿三樓嘅一個單位,即使佢係同個接線生一路講緊電話,但係個接線生冇辦法知道消防員做緊乜、去到邊、傳紙仔又唔即時, [66]而個女仔後來喺呢個地點死咗。 [81]另外有2個消防員去到十四樓一個報稱只有 1 個人嘅單位,點知搵到 8 個人(其中 4 個最終成功逃出)。 [82]
宣布重大事故(02:04 – 04:00)
[編輯]當火災喺大廈周圍迅速蔓延嗰陣,現場地面嘅目擊者報告話見到被困嘅居民喺佢哋嘅單位開燈熄燈,或者喺窗口揮手求救,有啲人抱住小朋友,亦聽到居民喺大廈四面尖叫。目擊者報告話見到有人跳樓死咗,而 4 名罹難者死因被認定為由高處墜落所致。 [83] [84]至少有 1 個人用打結嘅床單做咗條繩,然後成功逃離火場。 [85]期間亦傳出多次疑似係建物燃氣管線所引發嘅爆炸聲。 [62]
外部救災行動受到大樓剝落嘅燃燒碎片阻礙,包括燒焦嘅包覆層。由於危險,警方為咗安全起見,疏散圍觀群眾。 MPS領土支援小組到場;除咗係公共秩序警務嘅專門單位之外,佢哋仲提供咗防暴盾牌嚟保護消防員免受掉落嘅碎片。 [86]
凌晨2點,現場宣布重大事故,消防車嘅數量由 25 部增加到 40 部,消防救援單位增加到 10 個,指揮車增加到六個,高空雲梯增加到四個,行動支援單位增加到 2 個。 [65]喺行動過程中,250 名消防員嘗試控制火災, [87]喺特定時間有超過 100 名消防員喺大廈入面。助理局安迪 · 羅喺接落黎嘅 11 個鐘頭直接指揮消防行動。倫敦消防局局長科頓改以監督角色做支援,監督羅伊,佢表示今次救援喺未知結構穩定性嘅情況下進入大型大廈,已超越日常安全程序。 [76]直到第二日下晝,工程師先至完成檢測,確認大廈冇倒塌嘅危險。 [62]
到02點20分,後樓梯嘅煙霧水平已經構成生命威脅,雖然有啲幸存者確實喺嗰時之後逃脫。 [78]喺02點47分,原本「留喺原地」政策,正式取消,改為所有居民要疏散。 [18]不過之後只有36個嘅居民可以逃脫。後續調,災難調查專家話,「原地避難」政策應該提前80分鐘取消。 [88]
最後救援(28:00 – 32:07)
[編輯]
到天光,火種依然未完全撲熄,消防員仍然繼而救火同並嘗試喺內部進行救援。喺04點14分,警方向大批圍觀者致詞,叫佢哋試下聯絡任何認識嘅居民,如果佢哋可以透過電話或者Twitter聯絡到佢哋,話畀佢哋知佢哋一定要嘗試自行疏散,而唔係等消防隊。 [89]到04點44分,大廈都燒著晒。 [65]
最後兩次救援,其中 1 名居民喺06:05被救出,最後 1 名居民喺08:07被救出。 [65]消防員最終成功救出十樓以下所有受困者,十二樓以下只有兩人未及撤離,但呢個時段無隊伍去到廿樓以上;最高兩層只有兩名住戶成功逃離 [58]。
殘餘火災( 08 : 07 – 6月16)
[編輯]喺6月14號下晝嘅記者會上, LFB 宣布話消防員喺大廈救出 65 人,同成功抵達廿四層樓嘅所有範圍。 [90] 74 人被NHS確認送咗去倫敦各地嘅六間醫院,當中有 20人傷勢嚴重。 [91]
火種繼續喺大廈嘅上層燃燒。直到6月15日01點14分先至受到控制,而當大隊喺6月16號發佈更新嗰陣,消防員其實仲係度救緊火。 [92]消防隊亦都用無人機檢查大廈同搜索傷亡者。 [93]火災喺6月16號晚上正式宣布撲滅。 [94]
火災報告
[編輯]
災難嘅報告升級到以下情況:
- 05:00,警方表示已有多人因吸入煙霧而接受治療。 [95]
- 06:30,據報有50人被送往五間醫院:車路士同西敏醫院、國王學院醫院、皇家自由醫院、聖托馬斯醫院同聖瑪麗醫院。
- 09:30,倫敦消防專員Dany Cotton報告話有火災造成嘅死亡人數,但係由於建大廈嘅規模同複雜程度,佢冇辦法確認有幾多人死亡。 [95] [96]科頓話:「呢個係一個前所未有嘅事件。我做咗29年嘅消防員入面,我從來都冇見過咁大規模嘅事。」 [97] [98]
- 至12點幾,大都會警察宣布有6人確認死亡,超過70人送院,20人情況危殆。 [95]第一個被宣布死亡嘅人係敘利亞難民穆罕默德 · 哈吉 · 阿里(Mohammed al-Haj Ali)。 [99]大量人被報告失蹤。
- 喺下畫5點左右,確診死亡人數增加到12人。 [100]
假戶口
[編輯]火災發生後,網上流傳咗一啲未經證實嘅嘅死傷報導,包括話政府隱瞞死傷資訊同埋有嬰兒奇蹟獲救嘅謠傳,後經查證皆非事實。 [101] [102] [103] [104] [105]後來由 BBC 嘅《新聞之夜》節目進行嘅調查,發現發現冇相關證據,警方、救護服務及多間急診部門都冇 相關紀錄 [106] [107]。
影響
[編輯]
今次火災一共造成72人罹難,其中一人於\係送醫後翌日身亡,另一人係2018年1月去世。 [108] [109] [110]警方喺2017年11月公布官方死亡人數總共72人 [111]呢次事件係英國自1988年派珀阿爾法住宅戰爭以來最致命嘅結構性火災。 [112]
遇難者當中包括好多小朋友, [113]當中有五個係喺附近讀肯辛頓阿爾德里奇學院嘅學生。 [114]已知年紀最細嘅死者係莉娜 · 貝爾卡迪(Leena Belkadi),當時只有6個月大。另外有一名死者喺2017年6月15日喺醫院因為吸入過多濃煙而不治。 [109]另外,有一位當時懷孕嘅幸存者因為火災而胎死腹中。 [115]
啲生還者嚟自大廈129個單位當中嘅106個;呢啲單位嘅居民當中有十八人被報告為死亡或失蹤,推定死亡,而大部分死者據講都喺11至23樓之間嘅其餘23個單位。 [116]有啲嚟自低層嘅人可能試過搬上棟大廈,而且有人認為可能有幾個人最後都係喺一個單位入面。 [117]
識別罹難者
[編輯]警方透過多方資料,包括政府機構同埋民間企業紀錄,並交叉比對閉路電視證據嘅分析得出結論,喺 293人入面有 223 人成功逃生。 [118]鑑定歷時五個月,只有 12 名罹難者係喺女災當日被確認 [100],到第二個星期,警方估計已經有80人罹難。 [119]呢個係幾個月以黎傳媒最廣泛引用嘅估計。 [120] [121]喺23個單位入面打咗26個電話畀999個,辨識到部分罹難者身分。 [1]
喺2017年9月19號,大都會警察指揮官斯圖爾特·坎迪(Stuart Cundy)表示死亡人數應該少過80人,原因係有八個人因涉嫌為不存在嘅受害者申請災後補助而被調查 [120] [121] [122]。到2018年6月1號,呢件事已經有五個人因欺詐而判刑。 [123] [124]辨識死者嘅難題包括:無法得知火災發生嘅時候,大廈內確切居住同停留人數,事發前係冇正式住戶名冊 [125] [126]同埋大樓內存在未登記嘅二房東嘅租客、非法移民者、同庇護申請者等群體,令到失蹤名單同實際受難者之間可能有出入 [127]市長簡世德因而呼籲提供赦免措施,以便知情者可以安心向當局提供資訊 [128]。
第一個英格蘭和威爾斯Grenfell勘驗制度喺2017年8月23號開始[129] ,而所有其他死者嘅開庭程序都喺2017年11月23號開始[130]
喺火災發生後,當地社區成員,包括一個叫做Grenfell 嘅聯合居民組織, [131] [132] [133]質疑官方死亡統計遠低於實際狀況,有人認為死亡人數係「幾百人」。 [134]火災發生十日後,得18人名死者係獲官方正式確認嘅,同當初估計 80 人,足足差左 72 人。 [135] [136]
心理健康同人為因素
[編輯]除咗身體傷害之外,呢場火災對居民、緊急服務人員以及公眾都產生了重大心理創傷。
喺2017年7月26號,喺Grenfell 應變小組嘅第四次公開會議上,當地嘅義工報告話自從火災發生之後,肯辛頓北部至少有20次自殺未遂嘅案件,其中一次係自殺成功。 [137] [138] [139]好多幸存者嘅精神健康都受到損害。 [140]
LFB 專員Dany Cotton為緊急服務工作者嘅英雄精神辯護,佢哋本身都受到創傷。 [87]同時提供咗值班心理輔導員。據報導,有大約80名消防員同大都會警員都因為今次嘅經歷而受到困擾。 [141]科頓向LBC廣播表示,她本人也接受了心理諮商 [142] [143]。
為應對心理健康需求,額外聘請了 4 名全職心理諮商員(恢復先前裁減嘅人力),仲引入 60 名心理諮商義工。所有參與火災救援Grenfell消防員都接受了心理健康檢查。BBC報導指出,倫敦消防局使用儲備預算將心理諮商人員恢復至2008年Grenfell水平。 [144]
喺2017年7月,英國國家衛生服務局向全科醫生出咗一封公開信,提供有關精神健康狀況嘅建議,例如受呢場火災(或者最近嘅恐怖主義)影響嘅人可能會遇到嘅精神健康狀況,例如創傷後壓力障礙( PTSD )。 [145]估計有67 % 嘅火災受害者、失去親屬者或被救出/撤離Grenfell人需要接受PTSD治療。而且住喺附近嘅人當中,有26 % 至48 % ,佢哋冇疏散,但係目擊整個火災過程,佢哋都可能會有PTSD。唔清楚呢個數據入面,對火災嘅反應有幾遠,同埋之前存在嘅精神病幾遲先至被發現。 [146]
大都會警察局指派咗 250 名傞佬去幫手,令到一支本身調查緊最近嘅恐怖事件,包括倫敦橋同芬斯伯里公園襲擊嘅部隊,增加咗額外嘅工作量同個人壓力。 [147]
心理學家喺肯辛頓阿爾德里奇學院協助學生返回原址。為咗保護學生嘅福利,已經採取咗措施,例如遮住俯瞰大廈嘅課室窗戶。 [114]
長期身體健康
[編輯]喺2018年9月21日,驗屍官菲奧娜·威爾科克斯(Fiona Wilcox) 表示擔心受害者同緊急服務人員喺火災同隨後嘅清理過程入面,會接觸到有害嘅煙霧同塵埃,對身體健康有影響。受影響嘅人可能會增加患上癌症、石棉病、慢性阻塞性肺病同哮喘等疾病嘅風險。呢座大廈係已知含有石棉同其他毒素。Fiona Wilcox 喺寄信畀 NHS 行政總裁西蒙 · 史蒂文斯嘅信入面指出,參與9月11日襲擊嘅消防員因為吸入濃煙而出現嚴重嘅健康問題。佢要求建立一個身體健康篩查計劃,幫助救援者去預防日後嘅健康風險。 [148] [149]
NHS一直監測呢座廢棄大廈周圍嘅空氣質素。喺2019年3月嘅報告入面,佢哋指出「空氣污染對公共衛生嘅風險仍然低」。 [150]雖然火災本身釋放咗好多有毒化學物質,但係佢哋好快就喺風中散開。 [151]目前未對土壤污染風險進行全面評估。 [150]同年3月,由Anna Stec 教授帶領嘅一項獨立研究喺《 Chemosphere 》期刊報告指出,研究發現當地周邊嘅土壤同大廈有「重大嘅環境污染」,包括顯著濃度嘅苯、苯並 ( a ) 芘、磷同多環芳香族碳氫化合物。 [151] [150]土壤入面嘅化學物質唔太可能滲入空氣,但係如果土壤受到干擾,就可能會被揭開。 [150] Stec 話佢嘅研究結果顯示「需要進一步深入、獨立嘅分析,以量化對居民嘅任何風險」。 [150]
成本
[編輯]Grenfell Tower 係由Protector Forsikring 投保,保額為2,000萬英鎊,但係火災嘅直接成本高出兩個數量級。2023年《衛報》估計總成本差唔多係12億英鎊,其中大部分由國家承擔。 [152]呢個估計包括: [152]
- 4億6,900萬英鎊由大樓業主肯辛頓和車路士皇家自治市支付,主要用於安置倖存者
- 2億9,100萬英鎊由英國政府撥款,用於場地費用及轉為紀念場所
- 2億3,100萬英鎊用於公共調查與警方調查,截止估算時仍在進行中
- 1億5,000萬英鎊通過民事訴訟由倖存者及死者家屬獲得賠償
- 4,700萬英鎊由外牆覆層製造商Arconic支付民事索賠,另3,500萬英鎊支付給其律師與顧問
- 2,700萬英鎊預留給主要建築承包商RydonGrenfell民事索賠
- 1,450萬英鎊由倫敦消防局支付Grenfell法律費用
咁即係話,今次火災嘅成本係,建築商因為使用易燃而非不可燃覆層慳咗嘅29萬3千英鎊,大約4000倍。 [152]

大廈同周邊地區總共有151間房屋被毀。 [153]由於擔心大廈可能倒塌,所以周邊大廈嘅居民都被疏散。 [62]
火災亦嚴重影響咗鄰近三個低層「手指樓」。佢哋嘅居民因為火災而被疏散。巴蘭頓步道、泰斯特頓步道同赫斯特韋步道呢幾個街區亦都冇咗熱水供應,因為佢哋共用一個喺Grenfell Tower下面嘅鍋爐,而呢個鍋爐喺火災中被摧毀。 [154]
直接原因
[編輯]雪櫃
[編輯]警方證實火災係喺6月23號6號單位嘅一部由Hotpoint Indesit製造嘅有問題嘅Hotpoint FF175B 雪櫃入面首先起火。 [155] FF175BP 同 FF175BG 型號嘅用戶被敦促向製造商註冊佢哋嘅電器,等佢地可以同供應商換貨。呢啲型號喺2006年3月至2009年7月期間製造咗六萬四千部,之後呢個型號就停產。唔知仲有幾多部仲用緊。 [156]
美國商業、能源同工業戰略署( BEIS )對 Hotpoint FF175B 雪櫃 - 冰箱進行產品安全調查。獨立專家檢查咗喺事發大廈搵到嘅殘留電器同同型號樣本。佢哋得出嘅結論係,呢個設計符合所有法律安全要求,而且唔需要召回呢個型號。消費者協會質疑法律要求不足。 [157] [158]
租客曾經多次投訴電壓波動導致電器冒煙,而呢種突然電壓升降可能會令雪櫃著火。當地當局知道有投訴,亦已經為損壞嘅電器支付賠償。不過始終冇改善。當地工黨議員朱迪斯 · 布萊克曼(Judith Blakeman)話,電壓波動影響咗好多電器,包括雪櫃。喺2017年7月,佢話仲未搵到原因。 [159]
喺2018年11月27號,電機工程師 J. Duncan Glover 喺Grenfell Tower調查作證時,提供咗佢嘅調查結果[160] ,即係喺其他調查員嘅結果上, [161] :4發現16號公寓嘅火災可能係喺「大型」雪櫃(FF175B )嘅壓縮機入面發生。 [162] [161] :71–73[163]特別係,佢識別到至少一個例子[161] :82喺壓縮機入面嘅電線接觸不良, ,增加了電阻,導致過熱,引燃線材絕緣層,造成短路並引發火災。[162] [161] :72, 78 [162] [161] :102–103[164] (電線絕緣係聚氯乙烯,佢指出通常只係額定溫度大約係90 °C(194 °F) 。 [161] :86) 火災之後蔓延到雪櫃外部。格洛弗喺質疑美國同英國嘅安全標準唔一樣,美國嘅法規要求雪櫃有金屬背板,例如鋼,咁樣先可以遏制機內嘅火災,而喺英國,雪櫃係允許有塑膠背板,發生火災時會變得火上加油。 [161] :132–134[165]
格洛弗仲話,16號屋嘅電箱(又名消費單元)狀況符合雪櫃起火嘅情況:佢話,發現雪櫃嘅電掣已經跳咗線,但除咗一個RCCB 裝置之外,所有其他斷路器都仲開緊。 [161] :28–29(佢指出,16號單位嘅一個居民,貝海魯 · 凱貝德,喺離開大廈冇耐就閂咗單位嘅主電源開關,咁樣保留咗火災發生後電箱嘅狀態,呢個對佢嘅調查有幫助。 [161] :19–20)至於 RCCB 裝置,佢已經連接咗去為兩個電路提供接地故障保護,其中一個電路係為雪櫃供電(兩個電路都有標準斷路器)。但係,正如 Glover 所解釋, RCCB 係為咗防止對地短路,而唔係好似雪櫃冰箱咁短路到中性。佢得出結論, RCCB 單元嘅啟動係因為另一個電路嘅接地短路 — 呢個短路可能係由火災嘅煙霧同煙灰滲透到單位其他地方嘅插蘇引起。佢話,嗰個短路一定係喺雪櫃跳線之後發生。 [161] :94–96
外牆覆層與隔熱材料
[編輯]
翻新後嘅大廈外牆結構係咁: [168]
- 外牆覆層:聚乙烯芯鋁板夾層(每板約3毫米)
- 標準通風間隙:約50毫米
- 隔熱材料:聚異氰脲酸酯(PIR)泡棉板,厚約150毫米
- 原有預製鋼筋混凝土外牆
- 新安裝Grenfell雙層玻璃窗,與PIR泡棉板垂直對齊[169]
警方指,鋁聚乙烯層同 PIR 絕緣板都未能通過火災後進行嘅消防安全測試。
早喺2014年,安全專家已經警告過,隔熱材料唔應該係淨係用於非燃燒外層。 《衛報》睇到一份黎自建築檢查機構地方政府建築控制部門 (LABC) 嘅證書:為今次翻新工程揀嘅隔熱材料只係用係纖維水泥板嘅高層建築,因為纖維水泥板唔會燃燒。聚乙烯嘅可燃板放喺被稱為 Celotex RS5000嘅絕緣物上面,呢種絕緣物係由聚异氰酸酯製成,加熱嗰陣會燃燒,釋放出有毒嘅氰化物煙霧。即使係咁,肯辛頓同車路士皇家市區都仲話 Grenfell Tower 建築工程係符合「相關條文」。
議會建築檢查員喺2014年8月至2016年7月期間去咗嗰個地點16次,而 大廈亦都用咗酚類絕緣材料 Kooltherm 。根據製造商嘅講法, Kooltherm 從來都冇為聚乙烯芯鋁板進行過測試。製造商 Kingspan 話 "would be very surprised if such a system ... would ever pass the appropriate British Standard 8414 large-scale test" Kooltherm 嘅 LABC 認證表明酚醛產品「唔符合建築法規規定對有限可燃性要求」。 [170]
喺 Grenfell Tower上面用嘅可燃材料比起唔可燃嘅替代品平好多,慳到 29萬英鎊。喺2017年6月,喺肯辛頓同車路士租客管理組織喺一封電郵入面提到需要「為費爾丁 - 梅倫議員(議會前副領袖]提供良好嘅成本」之後,似乎意味大廈嘅翻新工程而面臨巨大嘅成本壓力。有報導話因為咁樣,所以項目團隊選擇咗較平嘅包層[170] [171]。
據報,肯辛頓同車路士皇家市區嘅一名大廈管制官員喺2015年5月15號驗收咗Grenfell Tower嘅覆蓋層,雖然當時全國都有警告過話 燃隔熱材料只可以同不可燃 嘅覆蓋層一齊使用。
鋁 - 聚乙烯包覆
[編輯]
消防安全專家話呢座大廈嘅新外牆可能係火災迅速擴散嘅原因。 [174]專家話包覆同絕緣之間嘅間隙好似煙囪咁,可以散播火災。 [169]可以見到個包層燒緊同融化,引起咗額外嘅猜測,即係佢唔係用防火材料製成。有居民話:「成棟大廈嘅一邊都起火。鋪面好似火柴棍噉上升。」 [175]

喺火災發生後嘅幾日,英國地方當局對佢哋嘅住宅大廈嘅消防安全進行咗審查。由於對規則同執行嘅擔憂,建築規例亦因為火災而受到審查。 [176] 2017年8月嘅議會搜查簡報提供咗英格蘭大廈火災風險管理嘅法律框架概述。 [177]
喺2017年8月30日,社區及地方政府署( DCLG )公布咗《建築規例同消防安全獨立審查》嘅職權範圍。 [178]呢個獨立審查由朱迪思 · 哈基特女爵士帶領,佢係一位高級工程師同公務員,有擔任衛生同安全行政會議主席嘅經驗。呢份審查報告咗畀 DCLG 負責人占士 · 布羅肯希爾(報告委託嗰陣嘅薩吉德 · 賈維德)同內政部長薩吉德 · 賈維德(委託報告嗰陣嘅安伯 · 魯德)。 [178]呢個審查嘅兩個主要目的係一係為未來制定改善嘅建築規範,重點係住宅高層,二係為居民提供安心,令佢哋嘅屋企安全。 [178]
DCLG 委託咗測試各種包覆系統喺火災中嘅表現。測試咗七種組合,其中六種被認為係危險嘅。佢喺2017年8月報告過,英國有228座大廈用呢啲方法鋪設。英國冇現有大廈使用被認為安全嘅組合,但係可以用嚟重新鋪設所有而家用緊其他組合嘅大廈。呢啲研究結果將會用嚟幫助修訂建築規例。 [179]
喺2017年12月18號,哈基特發表咗佢嘅初步報告。佢形容成個大廈監管系統「唔適合用途」,並提出重大改變嘅中期建議。 [176]最終報告喺2018年5月17號發佈,概述咗一啲重要嘅缺點同建議。 [180] [181]報告冇建議禁止喺高樓大廈上面使用可燃包覆,而哈基特確實話如果政府試圖立法禁止,佢會支持政府。 [182] [183]喺公開調查結束之後,建議會重新考慮。政府正就可能禁止可燃材料進行諮詢。唔清楚呢個係咪只適用於包覆,定係亦都適用於絕緣。 [184]
喺2018年10月,政府宣布計劃禁止喺18 m(59 ft)以上嘅新建大廈上面鋪設易燃包覆 ,同埋某啲類型嘅學校,例如學校、照顧院同學生住宅。消防隊工會認為應該完全禁止,而禁令亦應該適用於現有大廈。 [185]
到2019年11月,政府已經喺英格蘭確定咗446座住宅同公有大廈,超過18座 米高,有Grenfell Tower用嘅 ACM 包覆,唔太可能符合建築規例,並且承諾咗 600 英鎊 100 萬用嚟支付補救費用。不過,隨住由Grenfell 災難引起嘅調查進行,同埋2019年6月嘅巴金河畔火災同2019年11月嘅博爾頓立方體火災,好明顯英國有遠多嘅大廈一係用咗唔符合安全標準嘅材料,一係就冇按照建築法規建造。 到2020年6月,單係英國就已經識別到大約2,000座高超過18米嘅高危大廈;另外有9,600座高樓被認為有可燃包覆;同埋11至18米之間嘅10萬人,佢哋嘅身份仲未知道。 2019年,按揭貸款機構同保險公司對高樓大廈嘅安全信心崩潰,導致英國房地產市場嘅大部分地區凍結。 [186]到2021年2月,政府已經承諾咗超過 5 億英鎊用嚟補救消防安全問題 —— 呢個數字仍然遠遠低於所涉及嘅成本,當中好多都係由業主承擔,因為佢哋相信呢啲單位係合法建造嘅。 [187]
喺2020年6月22號,另一個倫敦大廈,位於紐漢嘅坎寧鎮嘅「渡輪角」 [188] ,喺18點20分左右喺大廈四樓發生一場火災之後,被疏散。 [189]大約60名消防員出席救火,到20點15分已經得到控制。 [189]大廈曾經包含同Grenfell 嘅完全相同嘅鋁合金包覆,但係喺火災發生前一年就拆除咗。居民被指出話,啱啱拆除咗包覆層,防止咗另一場Grenfell 規模嘅悲劇。 [190]
喺澳洲,當局決定喺佢所有嘅大廈上面拆除類似嘅包覆。據講,過去20年喺墨爾本建造嘅每座大廈都有呢個包覆。 [191] [192]喺馬耳他,工程師會同建築師會敦促馬耳他政府更新有關消防安全嘅建築法規。 [193] 2017年6月27日,德國北萊茵 - 威斯特法倫省伍珀大廈爾嘅一座11層高嘅大廈,因為發現同Grenfell Tower上面安裝嘅包覆相似,所以被疏散。 [194]
喺Grenfell Tower發生火災一個月後,荷蘭史基浦機場新建嘅433間客房嘅希爾頓酒店嘅外部包覆部分被拆除,因為擔心消防安全。 [195] [196]據稱因為供應商嘅財務問題,所用嘅材料唔符合核准嘅標準。除咗更換之外,仲安裝咗個外置視頻系統,專門用嚟偵測火災。鹿特丹嘅一間大學大廈亦都被發現有相同嘅包覆,隨後被關閉同翻新。 [197]據稱荷蘭其他「幾十座」大廈都遭受同樣嘅缺陷。 [198]
火災發生幾日後,直布羅陀政府下令檢討英國海外領土所有大廈嘅包層。後來確定咗所用嘅包覆係唔易燃嘅,所以唔係同Grenfell 一樣嘅類型。
為咗應對中東地區嘅Grenfell Tower同類似嘅高樓火災,涉及外部包覆,阿拉伯聯合酋長國喺2018年更新咗佢嘅消防同生命安全守則,要求使用 NFPA 285消防安全測試。 [199]
調查
[編輯]
當地嘅行政區承諾會對火災進行全面調查。 [200]首相梅伊下令全面公開調查,話人哋「應該得到答案」,點解火災可以咁快蔓延。 [201]
喺2017年7月,政府向嗰啲一直非法分租嘅人提供特赦[202] ,同埋向嗰啲提供資料嘅人提供一年嘅移民特赦,雖然冇提供完全唔會被遣返嘅保證。 [203] 2017年8月31日,移民部長布蘭登 · 列威斯宣布,為Grenfell 大廈流離失所嘅冇證件居民登記一年移民特赦嘅截止日期將會延長三個月,至2017年11月30日。馬丁 · 摩爾 - 比克爵士(帶領公開調查嘅人)寫信畀首相,要求佢考慮呢班居民嘅未來價值,以便佢哋喺未來嘅調查中考慮到呢啲居民嘅長期價值。呢啲觀點得到咗競選團體 BMELawyers4 Grenfell 同Justice4Grenfell 認 同。 [204]
喺2019年9月16號,有報導話倫敦消防隊作為一個機構,就《1974年工作健康同安全法》等方面,被大都會警察訪問,並謹慎行事。 [205]喺一份新聞聲明中, LFB 專員 Dany Cotton 話呢個旅喺火災發生後啱啱開始接受警方調查;幾百名警員自願接受警方面試;同埋 LFB 會繼續協助調查人員。 [206]
Leilani Farha認為,Grenfell Tower嘅故障係侵犯居民人權,因為佢哋喺火災前冇充分參與大廈嘅發展方式,特別係安全問題,亦冇充分參與火災後嘅調查。 [207]
刑事
[編輯]喺2017年6月15號,大都會警察指揮官斯圖爾特 · 康迪宣布已經開始刑事調查,以確定有冇任何案件要提出指控。 [208] 2017年7月27日,警方向居民發出公告,話佢哋有「合理理由」懷疑肯辛頓同車路士皇家市區同埋肯辛頓同車路士租客管理組織「可能犯咗」企業誤殺。兩個組織嘅高級代表好可能會喺謹慎嘅情況下面對警方嘅面試。超過六十間公司同組織同Grenfell Tower有關,而截至2017年7月,警方對一系列可能嘅指控保持開放所有選擇。 [209] [210]包括誤殺、企業誤殺、公職行為不當同消防安全罪行。 [211]
檢察長阿莉森 · 桑德斯喺2017年8月7日接受《倫敦標準晚報》嘅訪問時話,調查仲喺早期階段,冇排除任何可能性。桑德斯話建立強大嘅案件比起趕上法庭更重要,而民建聯仲未睇到證據。我哋會考慮健康同安全法例同其他刑法。如果被證明,嚴重過失誤殺罪最高可判終身監禁,而指引最低可判十二年。 [212] [213]對於呢類指控,控方必須出示足夠嘅證據,以通過一個四階段嘅「阿多馬科測試」,證明係一個應受譴責嘅違反照顧義務,而呢個違反咗照顧義務,導致或促成受害者死亡。 [214]
喺2018年6月7日,英國廣播公司新聞報導,大都會警察正調查倫敦消防隊使用「留喺原地」政策。根據《工作健康及安全法》可能會犯嘅刑事罪行正喺考慮中。 [215]
截至2019年6月7號[update], thirteen interviews had been held under caution with more expected, and 7,100 statements had been taken from witnesses, family members, emergency service personnel and others.[216] In March 2019, the Met Police said that no criminal charges were likely before late 2021.[217]
警方嘅調查係獨立於調查,唔可以直接用嚟做證據,雖然會仔細研究。喺2024年9月4日發佈之後,大都會警察話要「至少12–18個月」先可以提出案件。 [218] CPS 表示,佢哋預計喺2026年底之前唔會有任何收費決定[219]
欺詐性嘅聲稱
[編輯]2017年9月19日,指揮官斯圖爾特 · 康迪簡報話有8人因為涉嫌以虛構受害者嘅名義提出虛假嘅財政支援而受到調查。 [120] [121]到2018年6月1號,已經有5人因為聲稱自己係火災受害者要求財政支援而被定罪為欺詐罪。 [124] [123]
到2020年3月,已經有21人被指控犯有同火災有關嘅欺詐罪,而佢哋全部都係經過大都會警察嘅20次調查同倫敦市警察保險欺詐執法部門嘅1次調查之後被裁定有罪。佢哋喺欺詐地索取大約1英鎊之後,總共被判入獄差唔多90年 100萬預付信用卡、酒店住宿費用同其他用嚟畀火災受害者嘅資金。
所有被定罪欺詐嘅人都表示自己住喺大廈,屋企亦都被毀滅,好多人都話自己屋企人被殺。佢哋將錢用喺豪華嘅假期、貴車同賭博,有啲人甚至喺投訴佢哋住緊嘅酒店嘅食物同 WiFi 之後要求多啲錢。當中三個被定罪嘅人亦都被發現係住喺英國嘅非法移民,而一個男人喺佢嘅酒店房入面被捉到有大量非法毒品。另一名男子亦被發現犯下入屋罪。一個扮Grenfell 受害者嘅女人被發現向保險公司提出咗超過五十個虛假索償,亦都話佢喺幾個星期前嘅曼徹斯特競技場轟炸事件同倫敦橋襲擊事件中出席。 [220]
法醫搜索同恢復
[編輯]
搜索同恢復行動嘅規模係有挑戰性嘅。每層都係估計有15.5公噸(17.1英噸)嘅碎片入面混合咗人類遺體。 [221]喺災難受害者識別期間,我哋花咗時間同小心,以維持司法標準,同埋避免誤認身份,因為噉樣可能會令到幸存嘅親戚受到進一步嘅困擾。 [1]
消防隊
[編輯]繼2017年7月7日嘅《新聞夜》報導之後,消防局表示,喺應變火災嘅過程中遇到嘅問題亦都會係警方調查嘅一部分。 [69] LFB 專員 Dany Cotton 喺2017年7月11日接受第四頻道新聞訪問時表示,佢預計喺調查同公開調查中, LFB 嘅回應會受到合理嘅批評。 [87]經過幸存者同受害者家屬嘅批評,棉花喺2019年12月底提早退休[222]由2020年1月1日起接替佢嘅係副專員安德魯 · 羅。 [223]
BBC 電台4台喺2017年8月16號報導,消防隊喺翻新期間得到咗 KCTMO 嘅建議,同埋向消防員展示咗「消防安全功能」。議會反對派領袖羅伯特 · 阿特金森、結構工程師保羅 · 弗洛斯同建築檢查員傑夫 · 威爾金森都表示對火災發生感到震驚,因為佢哋事先同 LFB 商量過。 [224]
公開查詢
[編輯]火災發生後一日,首相特蕾莎 · 梅宣布公開調查火災原因。兩個星期後,馬丁 · 摩爾 · 比克爵士被任命領導呢個計劃。佢承諾調查會「公開、透明同公平」。調查將會同刑事調查一齊進行。
調查嘅第一份報告(第一階段)喺2019年10月30日正式發表,但係喺新聞禁運期間被洩露同宣傳。 原本喺2019年春天到期,但係日期推遲咗去10月。摩爾 - 比克同幸存者講,呢個時機令佢失望。 [225]
Moore-Bick 嘅報告肯定咗外部包覆係火災失控嘅主要原因,同埋佢唔符合建築法規。佢讚揚消防員嘅「勇氣同奉獻」,但係認為 LFB 遭受「重大嘅系統性故障」,而事件指揮官亦冇受過訓練去處理呢個規模嘅隔間失敗。呢份報告受到幸存者嘅歡迎。 12月6號,丹尼 · 科頓宣布佢會比計劃提早退休。 [226]
調查喺2020年1月28日恢復第二階段。最終報告喺2024年9月4日發佈。 [227] [228]調查喺2025年2月10日正式結束。 [229]政府喺2025年2月26日發佈咗佢嘅回應同建議。 [230]
平等人權委員會報告
[編輯]以下嘅Grenfell 報告(2019年3月)觀察到,目睹咗火災嘅小朋友,或者失去咗朋友或者家人嘅一部分,因為冇呢啲服務,所以唔知邊度或者點樣去尋求幫助。 [231]
EHRC 報告特別關注將殘疾人士,包括輪椅使用者,放喺大廈嘅上層,而冇考慮過佢哋喺火災或其他緊急情況下點樣逃脫。報告認為殘疾人士面臨歧視待遇,等於侵犯生命權、安全、充足住屋權;同埋有權免受殘忍、非人道同有辱人格嘅待遇,進一步指出,喺火災後,有辱人格嘅待遇仍然持續,殘疾人士被安置喺難以通行嘅地方。 [232]
民事訴訟
[編輯]到咗八月,被告已經行使咗佢哋嘅權利,將個案移交適當嘅聯邦法院:美國賓夕法尼亞州東區地方法院。 [233]喺2019年11月, Arconic 拒絕出示文件(呢啲文件已經喺佢喺DLA Piper嘅美國律師手上),理由係有爭議嘅包層係由法國子公司 Arconic 建築產品 SAS 製造,而且法國法律禁止喺未經法國法院授權嘅情況下喺外國法律程序中生產商業資料。 [234] Arconic 留低咗法國律師Noëlle Lenoir做佢喺呢個問題上嘅專家證人,而佢審查咗43,303份文件,嚟確定邊啲可以向原告披露。 根據佢喺美國嘅公司申報,截至2019年11月, Arconic 已經花咗大約30英鎊 100 萬律師同顧問,用嚟回應所有因為火災而引起嘅刑事同民事調查、查詢同訴訟。 [235]
喺2020年9月16號,區法院提出咗一份長命令,批准被告以法庭唔方便為由嘅駁回動議(即係話駁回係唔會影響喺英國法院提出索償)。 由法官Michael Baylson簽署嘅命令承認,當事人嘅提交文件顯示,根據賓夕法尼亞州法律,原告嘅索償嘅潛在賠償同懲罰性損害將會高過英國法律,但係裁定其他好多因素都贊成解雇。 [236]呢個命令允許原告用已經透過美國發現得到嘅證據去支持佢哋喺英國法院嘅申索,同埋留低如果英國法院決定賓夕法尼亞州法律適用於佢哋嘅申索,而一個或多個被告可能根據賓夕法尼亞州法律負責懲罰性損害賠償,佢哋可能會返嚟。 [236]喺2022年7月8日,第三巡回法院提出咗一份由托馬斯 L. 安布羅法官簽署嘅未公開意見,呢份意見大致上肯定咗地方法院嘅解僱令。 不過,第三巡回法院亦明確逆轉咗區法院嘅命令部分,因為呢個命令為原告從英國法院返嚟留低咗一條路。 [237]喺2023年2月21號,美國最高法院提出咗一份簡潔嘅一行命令,總結否認原告嘅調卷請求,即係話佢哋嘅案件已經完結(就美國法院而言)。 [238]
民事和解
[編輯]喺2023年4月,22個組織包括包覆公司 Arconic 、惠而浦、 RBKC 、 KCTMO 同三個中央政府部門,同900人達成1億5000 萬鎊嘅和解。 [239]由十四間律師事務所做代表,最初係喺英國高等法院提出索償,之後轉咗去替代性嘅爭議解決方案(具體嚟講係喺紐伯格勳爵面前調解)。 [240] [241]呢個和解亦都包括向司法社區項目作出貢獻。個結果唔會影響之後嘅刑事指控嘅可能性,呢啲指控係由 CPS 喺2024年9月4日發佈嘅調查報告之後決定。 [242]
專業行為不當
[編輯]喺2025年2月26號,宣布將會根據2023年採購法計7間組織進行調查。呢啲係:
- Arconic Architectural Products SAS
- Saint-Gobain Construction Products UK Limited
- Exova (UK) Limited
- Harley Facades Limited
- Kingspan Insulation Limited
- Rydon Maintenance Limited
- Studio E Architects Limited
當時擔任房屋局長嘅Angela Rayner指出,監管機構失敗,而佢嘅部門「未能對已知風險採取行動,亦忽略、延遲或忽略影響生命安全嘅事項」。 [243]
拆除同紀念
[編輯]
Grenfell Tower嘅地盤經理Michael Lockwood喺2017年7月宣布,呢座大廈會用金屬棚架支撐,同埋用保護膜覆蓋,咁樣可以保護證據比法醫,之後就可以將大廈拆咗。不過拆除後應該點樣運用呢個空間,係要諮詢社區嘅。 [244]
結構工程師認為呢座大廈存全隱患;政府話呢座大廈應該「小心地拆除」。 [245]預計呢個地點嘅後續計劃會由2018年成立嘅Grenfell Tower紀念委員會發佈。 [246]洛克伍德同塞爾瑪 · 斯托伯喺2020年當選為聯合主席。 [247]
2024 年 7 月,英國皇家建築師學會開始挑選設計團隊打造紀念碑。 [248]2025年1月, RIBA 同Grenfell Tower紀念委員會宣布咗五個未來設計念碑嘅團隊名單。 [249]
喺2025年2月,當時嘅副總理安吉拉 · 雷納向罹難者家屬同幸存者表示,已經決定拆除Grenfell Tower, [250]預計拆除大廈需要兩年時間。 [251] 2025年4月,同目前維護緊呢橦大廈嘅公司 Deconstruct UK 簽左合約去授權佢地拆除大廈,因為佢哋對大廈嘅結構同周邊地區有較多認識。 [252]每層預計需要用一個月時間先可以拆除,大廈總共有24層。 [253] 2025年9月開始動工。 [254]
類似嘅災難
[編輯]以下係類似嘅火災事件,都係因為含有可燃部件嘅外牆組件(包覆、隔熱材料、牆身)令火災蔓延,大部分都係涉及高樓大廈。
英國
[編輯]
- 1973年夏蘭德災難–馬恩島道格拉斯嘅休閒中心火災,由於覆蓋大廈嘅易燃亞克力板點燃而加劇,導致至少50人死亡。 [54] [53]
- 1991年諾斯利高地火災–利物浦一座大廈嘅火災,最近裝咗雨屏覆蓋,由大廈底部透過90毫米(3.5英寸)傳播到頂部包覆後面嘅空氣隙。 [255] [256]
- 1999年加諾克庭院火災– 喺北艾爾郡歐文嘅一座大廈發生火災,火災迅速蔓延到可燃包覆, [257]導致一人死亡,四人受傷。 [258]呢件事導致議會對外部包覆嘅火災風險進行調查,並喺2005年蘇格蘭改變法律,要求任何包覆都可以抑制火災嘅擴散。 [259]
- 2005年哈羅庭院火災– 喺赫特福德郡斯蒂夫尼奇嘅一座大廈,導致三人死亡。 [260]
- 2009年拉卡納爾屋火災– 喺南倫敦坎伯韋爾嘅一座大廈,由電視機出現故障引起,導致6人死亡,至少20人受傷;一項調查「發現火災喺橫向同垂直方向上蔓延得出乎意料咁快,將人哋困喺屋企,而外部嘅包覆板喺短短四分鐘半內就燒毀。」 [261]
- 2010年雪莉大廈火災– 大廈火災迅速升級後,兩名消防員死亡。 [262]
- 2016年牧羊人庭院火災– 喺西倫敦牧羊人布什嘅一座大廈,一部故障嘅滾筒乾衣機喺七樓起火,2016年8月19日。火災喺大廈外面蔓延到六層,呢個大廈係由哈默史密斯同富勒姆議會擁有。冇死亡人數,但係有啲人吸入煙霧。 [263] [264] [265] [266]
- 2019年德帕斯花園火災– 喺東倫敦巴金嘅一座六層高嘅大廈發生火災,火災蔓延到六層。 [267]
- 2019年立方體火災– 喺博爾頓一間六層高嘅學生宿舍發生火災,喺2018年用高壓層壓板重新覆蓋。火災「極速」蔓延到大廈頂三層。 [268] [269]
- 2021年松樹 / 新普羅維登碼頭火災 – 一場火災影響咗新普羅維登碼頭一座大廈嘅三層,松樹,亦都係用同一種包覆瓷磚,有兩個人因為吸入煙霧而送院[270]
- 2024年光譜大廈火災 – 喺達根漢姆一座大廈發生火災,已知有「消防安全問題」同埋唔合規嘅包覆。 [271]
喺其他地方
[編輯]
筆記
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "LATEST: Grenfell Tower fire investigation". Mynewsdesk. 原著喺20 June 2018歸檔. 喺16 November 2017搵到.
- ↑ "Cladding crisis could cost more than £50bn, contractor says". Inside Housing. 20 April 2021. 喺3 September 2024搵到.
- ↑ Evans, Steve (22 June 2017). "Insurance cost of Grenfell Tower fire". Reinsurance News. 喺9 February 2019搵到.
- ↑ This article uses the post-renovation floor numbering scheme, except where noted.
- ↑ "Inquiry finds "compelling evidence" Grenfell Tower did not comply with building regulations". Dezeen. 1 November 2019. 喺25 August 2024搵到.
- ↑ "Fire barrier installation on Grenfell 'some of the worst I've seen', says supplier". Housing Today. 9 March 2021. 喺25 August 2024搵到.
- ↑ "Planning Statement" (PDF). Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. p. 3. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺17 June 2017. 喺16 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ Heathcote, Edwin (14 June 2017). "London tower block's refurbishment raises fire safety questions". Financial Times. 原先內容歸檔喺17 June 2017. 喺16 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ "Proposed Sections" (PDF). Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺14 June 2017. 喺16 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ "Buildings of London – Grenfell tower". Emporis. 歸檔時間17 June 2017. 喺14 June 2017搵到.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ↑ "Concerns raised about Grenfell Tower 'for years'". BBC News. 14 June 2017. 原先內容歸檔喺14 June 2017. 喺14 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Grenfell Tower floorplan shows how 120 flats were packed into highrise". The Telegraph. 14 June 2017. 原先內容歸檔喺14 June 2017. 喺14 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Grenfell Tower regeneration Project – Planning Application, Design and Access Statement" (PDF). The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. October 2012. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺17 June 2017. 喺16 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ "The Grenfell Tower Inquiry with Eddie Mair – 61 Station Manager Walton – BBC Sounds". BBC.
- ↑ The floors were originally numbered Ground, Mezzanine, Walkway, Walkway + 1, Floor 1, Floor 2, ..., Floor 20.[13] After the 2015–16 renovation, the floors were numbered Ground, Floor 1, Floor 2, ..., Floor 23. The flat numbers followed a pattern in which the last digit indicated a flat's position on the floor, and the preceding digits indicated the original number of the floor. Thus Flat 16 was in the northeast corner of Floor 1, and Flat 26 was directly above it. The 2015–2016 renovation changed the floor numbers but not the flat numbers. Therefore Flat 16 was now on Floor 4, the former Floor 1.[14]
- ↑ Whitbread, Nigel. "Lancaster West Estate: An Ideal For Living?". Constantine Gras. 原先內容歸檔喺15 June 2017. 喺16 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ Dixon, Hayley; Swinford, Steven; Knapton, Sarah; Mendick, Robert (14 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower inferno a 'disaster waiting to happen' as concerns are raised for safety of other buildings". The Telegraph. 原先內容歸檔喺15 June 2017. 喺15 June 2017搵到.
Many of those that survived only did so by ignoring official advice to stay in their rooms and close their front doors until the fire was over. ... All fire safety regulations are focused on containing a fire within a building, but this cannot happen if it is spreading along the outside.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Grenfell inquiry: Stay-put advice 'good' says firefighter". BBC News. 4 September 2018. 喺28 November 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Fire alarm at Grenfell Tower was never meant for residents". The Times. 7 July 2017. 喺4 October 2018搵到.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Knapton, Sarah; Dixon, Hayley (16 June 2017). "Eight failures that left people of Grenfell Tower at mercy of the inferno". The Telegraph. 原先內容歸檔喺16 June 2017. 喺20 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ "Grenfell: previous fire in 2010 caused no injuries". Inside Housing. 16 June 2017. 喺20 April 2019搵到.
- ↑ MacErlean, Neasa (17 March 1996). "Councillors take back seat as tenants go it alone". The Observer. p. 9.
- ↑ "Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management Organisation – The Board". Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea TMO. 原先內容歸檔喺17 June 2017. 喺14 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ Turner, Camilla (9 July 2017). "We are just as important as everyone else, say Tower homeowners". Sunday Telegraph. 喺8 February 2025搵到.
We don't wanted to be treated as less important
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Grenfell Tower Regeneration Project Engagement Statement" (PDF). Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺14 June 2017. 喺14 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ Rovnick, Naomi (29 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower: the cladding, the contractors and the chain of confusion". Financial Times. 喺14 June 2020搵到.
- ↑ "Grenfell Tower Q&As – remote heat metering". KCTMO / www.kctmo.org.uk. 原著喺14 June 2017歸檔. 喺28 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ "Harley Facades Limited" (PDF). 14 June 2017. 原著 (PDF)喺14 June 2017歸檔. 喺14 June 2020搵到.
- ↑ "Grenfell: Cladding firm suggested use of cheaper panels". BBC News. 11 March 2020.
- ↑ Prynn, Jonathan (15 June 2017). "Revealed: 'Chimney' Grenfell Tower cladding is used on blocks across London". London Evening Standard. 原先內容歸檔喺15 June 2017. 喺16 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ "Town and Country Planning (Development Management Procedure) Order 2010 – Approval of Details Reserved by Condition(s)" (PDF). Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. 30 September 2014. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺16 June 2017. 喺14 June 2017搵到.
- ↑ Arconic Architectural Products/Arconic Inc. "Reynobond Europe ACM ACP Aluminium Composite Material". arconic.com. 原著喺17 June 2017歸檔. 喺15 June 2017搵到.
Reynobond aluminium composite panels is an aluminium panel consisting of two coil-coated aluminium sheets that are fusion bonded to both sides of a polyethylene core.
- ↑ Knapton, Sarah (16 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower refurbishment used cheaper cladding and tenants accused builders of shoddy workmanship". The Telegraph. 原先內容歸檔喺12 January 2022. 喺28 June 2017搵到.
Omnis Exteriors said it had been asked to supply cheaper cladding to installer Harley Facades which did not meet strict fire-retardant specifications. The safer sheets were just £2 per square metre more expensive meaning that for an extra £5,000 the building could have been encased in a material which may have resisted the fire for longer. The cut-price version is banned from use in the US and Germany for tall buildings.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Hills, Joe (15 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower: Original proposed contractor was dropped to reduce cost of refurbishment project". ITV News. 原先內容歸檔喺16 June 2017. 喺16 June 2017搵到.
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- ↑ "Rydon lands Grenfell Tower refurbishment". rydon.co.uk. July 2016. 歸檔時間14 June 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ↑ "Grenfell Tower, Notting Hill". Harley Facades. 原著喺14 June 2017歸檔. 喺14 June 2017搵到.
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- ↑ The inquiry ruled in 2019 that the resident was not to blame.[59]
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- ↑ Grenfell Tower Inquiry, Phase 1 Report Vol.2 pp.100-101 (PDF) (報告). 4 September 2024.
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Underreporting of illegal subtenants could also mean the death toll is higher than currently assumed, it is feared. ... Members of the community have also raised concerns that large 'swathes' of foreign nationals who lived in the block and may have been undocumented have simply 'disappeared' and are not on any missing lists, raising concerns that they have either fled the site or are among the dead but unaccounted for.
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- ↑ 引用錯誤 無效嘅
<ref>標籤;無文字提供畀叫做:15嘅參照 - ↑ Hodkinson, Stuart (2019). Safe as Houses: Private Greed, Political Negligence and Housing Policy after Grenfell. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9781526141866.
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If we had not got rid of that cladding then it would have been another Grenfell
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The UK government may have failed to comply with its international human rights obligations over the Grenfell Tower fire ... the United Nations’ housing investigator has said
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The director of public prosecutions, Alison Saunders, has not ruled out possible criminal charges
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Moore-Bick told survivors he was disappointed by the timing
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- ↑ "Closure of the Inquiry". grenfelltowerinquiry.org.uk. 10 February 2025. 喺26 May 2025搵到.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ Doward, Jamie (10 March 2019). "Grenfell children 'didn't know where to turn', says damning report". The Observer. 喺10 March 2019搵到.
- ↑ Pring, John (14 March 2019). "Disabled people had rights breached before and after Grenfell fire, says watchdog". Disability News Service. 喺8 February 2025搵到.
- ↑ Murrell, David (7 August 2019). "Why a Group of British Plaintiffs From a London Apartment Fire Are Suing in Philly Court". Philadelphia. Metro Corp.
- ↑ Evans, Judith (19 November 2019). "Grenfell cladding manufacturer declines to release documents". Financial Times. FT Group. 喺23 May 2020搵到.
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- ↑ 236.0 236.1 引用錯誤 無效嘅
<ref>標籤;無文字提供畀叫做Behrens嘅參照 - ↑ 引用錯誤 無效嘅
<ref>標籤;無文字提供畀叫做Behrens3dCir嘅參照 - ↑ Gough, Paul J. (21 February 2023). "Arconic: Supreme Court declined to take up Grenfell-related suits". Pittsburgh Business Times. 喺3 March 2023搵到.
- ↑ "Grenfell Tower fire: Civil settlement claim worth £150m". BBC News. 2 May 2023. 喺2 May 2023搵到.
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- ↑ "Deregulation and Dishonesty Led to Deadly Grenfell Fire, Inquiry Finds". New York Times. 4 September 2024. 原著喺4 September 2024歸檔.
- ↑ Symonds, Tom (26 February 2025). "Seven organisations to be investigated over Grenfell fire". BBC News. 喺26 February 2025搵到.
- ↑ "Grenfell Tower to be covered in protective wrapping". BBC News. 27 July 2017. 喺27 July 2017搵到.
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- ↑ Fulcher, Merlin (10 July 2024). "Search begins for Grenfell Tower memorial design team". Architects' Journal. 喺10 July 2024搵到.
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- ↑ Foster, Aurelia (5 February 2025). "Grenfell to be demolished, bereaved families told". BBC News. 喺5 February 2025搵到.
- ↑ Aikman, Ian (7 February 2025). "Grenfell Tower to be taken down, government confirms". BBC News. 喺7 February 2025搵到.
- ↑ Marrs, Colin (25 April 2025). "Contractor named for Grenfell Tower demolition". Construction News. 喺30 April 2025搵到.
- ↑ Pitcher, Greg (2025-07-30). "Painstaking process to demolish Grenfell Tower revealed". Construction News (英文). 喺2025-08-02搵到.
- ↑ "Work to dismantle Grenfell Tower set to begin". BBC News. 2 September 2025. 喺6 September 2025搵到.
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