毛地黃屬

毛地黃屬, 生物分類一屬,有廿六個品種左右,草有樹叢有,多年生有、二年生有,歸車前科毛地黃族。呢種一般叫毛地黃、洋地黃。拉丁學名Digitalis,意思手指,皆因佢啲花好似指套咁,亦似頂針,少數會叫指頂花[1]。
原產於歐洲、西亞、西北非。花管狀,生喺高穗狀花,色睇物種,紫、粉紅、白、黃都有。
出名物種毛地黃,兩年生植物,花鮮艷,紫、粉紅、純白,有痕有斑,經常種來做觀賞植物。但亦係出名有毒。其他花園物種有鏽點毛地黃、大花毛地黃、黃花毛地黃、小花毛地黃[3]。
洋地黃亦借用指強心苷,可以製藥,尤其地高辛,屬中好幾個品種抽出來。話可以藥用,但人同哺乳動物食咗中毒,非死即重病[4]。
描述
[編輯]
草本二年生、短命多年生。第一年生個蓮座葉叢,第二年生出條直立開花莖。葉簡單,螺旋排列,上面有柔毛兼腺毛,少少羊毛質地。花細長,末端羣生,管狀下垂,紫色最多,內面有斑。蒴果入面好多種子,細細粒[5]。
語源
[編輯]
拉丁屬名Digitalis來自拉丁文digitus,意思手指[6]。一五四二年,里安夏福士出咗本植物誌評註至先咁叫,但佢基於俗話德文Fingerhut,手指帽,即係頂針[7][8]。
古英文有foxes glofe/glofa ,即狐手套[9]。時間耐咗,民間神話模糊個名字面起源,暗示狐打獵物,將花戴爪上,可以靜雞雞。狐藪置喺山邊林,用毒花冚住。更惡名都有,好似巫師手套,指佢有毒[8]。
分類
[編輯]

一七五三年,拉丁學名由林奈發表。 一九三〇年,選定模式標本指名1930年指定毛地黃。
屬之下,有廿六物種、十二雜交種分入七節。
生態
[編輯]
毛地黃夜蛾幼蟲會食毛地黃花。其他鱗翅目物種會食葉,當中有黃翅夜蛾[10]。而獨特花形,特別吸引長舌蜜蜂,例如牧場熊蜂。花色鮮艷吸引蜜蜂降落花冠下唇瓣,然後再爬入花筒。蜜蜂由其他毛地黃身收集到花粉,就喺處掉落,促進繁殖[11]。
用
[編輯]藥
[編輯]草藥師萃取出藥。但其治療指數窄,難以測定草藥製劑中有效成分含量,大體上放棄咗[12]。但發現佢可以調節脈搏,就好多用法,治癲癇等病,不過現今䏲成唔恰當。
毛地黃提取藥物叫做洋地黃素。一七八五年威廉韋化靈描述毛地黃有強心苷,提取來治心臟病,可謂現代治療學開端[13][14][15]。當代醫學用毛地黃屬,尤其長葉毛地黃抽出地高辛[16][17],用來增加心肌收縮力,即係正性肌力藥,同埋做抗心律失常藥,控制心跳速率,特別係針對心房顫動,控制不規則跳得好快。
因此經常處方畀心房顫動病人,尤其確診咗充血性心臟衰竭。一九九八年,美國食品藥物管理局批准地高辛,用來治心臟衰竭。咁基於前瞻性、隨機研究同臨床試驗。亦都批用喺控制心房顫動病人心室反應率。但係近年引入咗幾款新藥,同理死亡率上升安全疑慮,促成地高辛使用率下降[18]。不過,隨機對照研究,系統性綜述顯示,死亡率用安慰劑無分別。呢個研穹包含七十五項研究、有四百萬病人年隨機應變追蹤,設計良好得出[19]。
變化
[編輯]藥理活性化合物,提取自第二年葉。以化學通用名,洋地黃毒苷、地高辛 。兩種分別,地高辛在 B 環,鄰近戊烷C-3 位置上,多咗個羥基。地高辛半衰期因而約一日,如果腎功能受損就會延長。而洋地黃毒苷,半衰期約七日,唔受腎功能影響。這兩種分子都包含一個內酯、一個三重重複醣類,稱為苷類。
機制
[編輯]毛地黃個原理靠抑制鈉鉀泵。過程會增加細胞內部鈉離子濃度,減少細胞膜兩側濃度梯度。細胞多咗鈉離子,會倒轉鈉鈣交換體運作方向。原本泵鈉入細胞、泵鈣出細胞,變成泵鈉出細胞、泵鈣入細胞。細胞質入面鈣離子濃度增加,改善心肌收縮力[21]。生理正常,心臟收縮要細胞質鈣,出自肌漿網,係個細胞器儲儲鈣。不過,初生嬰兒、部分動物、慢性心臟衰竭嘅患者,佢哋肌漿網發育並唔完全,或者功能未夠健全。咁要靠鈉鈣交換體,攞細胞質鈣,以供心臟收縮。要做到,細胞質內鈉濃度,要高過正常水平,先至可以促使倒轉交換方向。初生嬰兒、部分動物,會心跳快啲自然搞手掂。慢性心臟衰竭患者,要服地高辛等藥物達成。增強心肌收縮力,每次心搏輸出量會隨之增加。最終,強心苷會提升心臟輸出量,即心搏輸出量,乘以心跳速率。咁就個機制,點治充血性心臟衰竭。
毛地黃對副交感神經系統亦有迷走神經效應,減慢心房顫動期間心室率。之不過若有旁路,咁反而會使心率加快[22]。靠迷走神經效應,意味患者交感神經系統驅動過高時,例如急性重症患者、運動期間,毛地黃會失效[23][24]。
分子探針
[編輯]地高辛配基實情類固醇,喺毛地黃屬花葉入面搵到,通常長葉毛地黃提煉出來。地高辛可以用來做分子探針,組織入面原位檢測,重可以標記脫氣核醣核酸、核醣核酸、寡核苷酸[25]。經化學修飾,佢好容易咁結合落去核苷酸度,例如尿苷咁。地高辛配基分子經常同核苷酸連埋一齊。而標記咗地高辛配基尿苷,經體外轉錄,植入去核醣核酸入面。核酸分子雜交之後,即係核酸鏈配對,核醣核酸帶有地高辛配基尿苷,就可以用結合咗鹼性磷酸酶,檢測抗地高辛抗體[26]。
毒性
[編輯]
毛地黃屬物種可能有心臟類固醇苷幾種,可能致命性,同生理化學相關。咁要視乎物種而定。因此,毛地黃亦得不祥俗名,好似死人鈴、巫婆指套咁。毒素可經皮膚吸收,或吞服攝入[27]。
毛地黃中毒,洋地黃服用得過量而引起,不良影響有傷腸胃、傷心臟、傷神經系統。腸胃就無胃口、想嘔、嘔心、肚痾。心臟就心跳過快、心跳過慢。兩者嚴重到某個地步,會令人暈低。神經系統就攰、神志不清,即譫妄,同埋好罕見黃視症,睇嘢變黃色變黃膽色。眼中毒就成個視野模糊,睇嘢有光暈,物件邊緣化開[28]。有啲就瞳孔放大、流口水、全身無力、休克、抽筋,甚至死亡。
毛地黃中毒,直接落迷走神經核,間接抑制房室結。會搞到心跳過緩,即心率減慢。嚴重會引致心臟傳導阻滯。強心苷直接落心肌細胞,會增加細胞嘅收縮力、頻率,視乎劑量、心臟狀況、血液入面電解質水平,特別係低鉀、高鈣、低鎂,會引致心跳過速,即心率加快[29]。毛地黃中毒引致心室顫動,一般唔適合做體外電復律,即電擊心臟,咁會令心律失常更複雜更持續[30][31]。此外,急症情況下,治療心室顫動經典首選藥物胺碘酮,會令呢種心律不整惡化,通常會用次選藥物利多卡因[32]。治輕度中毒係停藥,做一般支援治療。治嚴重中毒,就用抗地高辛抗體片段。
成樖有毒,根、種都有。致死罕見,但確係有。接觸個案,六歲以下細路為多,通常無心之失,一般唔會嚴重中毒。若青少年、成年人故意吞食,就會引致嚴重中毒[33]。
搞錯而中毒死都有。毛地黃屬搞錯做聚合草屬,用來煲茶飲命喪。另外誤飲都有,細蚊仔飲咗花樽水,水插毛地黃屬植物[34]。曬乾一樣咁毒。對好多動物有毒,家畜、家禽,貓狗都係。
大眾文化
[編輯]一九八一年有猜測,話梵高黃色時期,可能受毛地黃影響。當時推斷,佢用咗毛地黃治癲癇,且有兩幅畫,畫咗呢類植物[35]。然而,其他研究隨即質疑,梵高揀呢種色調,解釋方法非常之多[36][37]。無明證指醫生開過呢種藥,梵高服用過呢種藥。梵高好多次寫信畀親友,話佢純粹中意用黃色[37][38][39]。就算咁,個講法仍然好受歡迎[40]。
攷
[編輯]- ↑ "Definition of DIGITALIS". www.merriam-webster.com (英文). 喺3 May 2024搵到.
- ↑ Olmstead, R. G.; de Pamphilis, C. W.; Wolfe, A. D.; Young, N. D.; Elisons, W. J.; Reeves, P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. Bibcode:2001AmJB...88..348O. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255. 喺28 November 2020搵到.
- ↑ Brickell, Christopher, 編 (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Dorling Kindersley. p. 377. ISBN 978-1-4053-3296-5.
- ↑ Trust, Woodland (7 January 2020). "Foxglove and other poisonous plants". Woodland Trust (英國英文). 喺1 June 2024搵到.
- ↑ Rana, Sonali; Singh, Suneeta; Bisht, A. S. (2022). "Digitalis purpurea L: An Overview on Important Medicinal Plant". 出自 Hasan, Wajid; Mehjabeen; Singh, Harikesh; Moinuddin; Kumar, Awaneesh; Chakrapani, Kota (編). Advances in Agriculture For Doubling Farmers’ Income (英文). Lucknow, India: BFC Publications Pvt. Ltd.
- ↑ Hollman, A (September 1985). "Plants and cardiac glycosides". British Heart Journal. 54 (3): 258–261. doi:10.1136/hrt.54.3.258. PMC 481893. PMID 4041297.
- ↑ Fuchs, Leonhart (1542). De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (拉丁文). Basel: In officina Isingriniana. pp. 892–893.
Apellauimus autem Digitalem, alludentes ad germanicam nomenclaturam...
- 1 2 Klingaman, Gerald (17 May 2002). "Plant of the Week: Foxglove". University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture (英文). 原著喺22 April 2020歸檔. 喺17 April 2018搵到.
- ↑ Liberman, Anatoly (10 November 2010). "Etymologists at War with a Flower: Foxglove". OUPblog. 原著喺8 May 2013歸檔. 喺10 August 2015搵到.
In sum, foxglove means foxglove, and this disturbing fact has to be accepted.
- ↑ Robinson, G. S.; Ackery, P. R.; Kitching, I. J.; Beccaloni, G. W.; Hernández, L. M. (2010). "Digitalis". Natural History Museum, London. doi:10.5519/havt50xw. 喺28 November 2020搵到.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Trust, Woodland. "Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) – British Plants". Woodland Trust (英國英文). 喺4 June 2024搵到.
- ↑ Wray, Susan; Eisner, D.A.; Allen, D.G (1985). "Two Hundred Years of the Foxglove" (PDF). Medical History, Supplement. 29 (5): 132–150. doi:10.1017/S0025727300070551.
- ↑ Withering, William (1785). An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses. Birmingham, England: M. Swinney.
- ↑ Goldthorp, W. O. (2009). "Medical Classics: An Account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medicinal Uses by William Withering, published 1785". British Medical Journal. 338. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2189.
- ↑ Simpson, Beryl Brintnall; Ogorzaly, Molly Coner (2001). Economic Botany (第3版). Boston: Mc Graw Hill. p. 529. ISBN 978-0-07-290938-8.
- ↑ Hollman, A. (April 1996). "Drugs for atrial fibrillation. Digoxin comes from Digitalis lanata". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 312 (7035): 912. doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7035.912. PMC 2350584. PMID 8611904.
- ↑ Weisse, Allen B. (January 2010). "A Fond Farewell to the Foxglove? The Decline in the Use of Digitalis". Journal of Cardiac Failure. 16 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.08.001. PMID 20123317.
- ↑ Anon. "Medications Used to Treat Heart Failure". www.heart.org (英文). American Heart Association. 喺13 August 2020搵到.
- ↑ Ziff, Oliver J.; Lane, Deirdre A.; Samra, Monica; Griffith, Michael; Kirchhof, Paulus; Lip, Gregory Y. H.; Steeds, Richard P.; Townend, Jonathan; Kotecha, Dipak (30 August 2015). "Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data". British Medical Journal (英文). 351. doi:10.1136/bmj.h4451. PMC 4553205. PMID 26321114.
- ↑ Watts, D. C. (2 May 2007). Dictionary of Plant Lore. Elsevier. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-08-054602-5.
- ↑ Akera, Tai; Brody, Theodore M. (1985). "Sodium ion and the cardiac actions of digitalis". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 6: 296–298. doi:10.1016/0165-6147(85)90136-1.
- ↑ Fuster, Valentin; Rydén, Lars E.; Asinger, Richard W.; Cannom, David S.; Crijns, Harry J.; Frye, Robert L.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Kay, G. Neal; Klein, Werner W.; Lévy, Samuel; McNamara, Robert L. (23 October 2001). "ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology". Circulation (英文). 104 (17): 2118–2150. doi:10.1161/circ.104.17.2118. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 11673357.
- ↑ Watanabe, August M. (1 May 1985). "Digitalis and the autonomic nervous system". Journal of the American College of Cardiology (英文). 5 (5): 35A–42A. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80461-7. ISSN 0735-1097. PMID 3886751.
- ↑ Tonkon, M. J.; Lee, G.; DeMaria, A. N.; Miller, R. R.; Mason, D. T. (December 1977). "Effects of digitalis on the exercise electrocardiogram in normal adult subjects". Chest. 72 (6): 714–718. doi:10.1378/chest.72.6.714. ISSN 0012-3692. PMID 923306.
- ↑ Glick, Bernard R. (4 May 2018). Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. CRC Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-351-09139-8.
- ↑ Lauter, Gilbert; Söll, Iris; Hauptmann, Giselbert (4 July 2011). "Two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization in the embryonic zebrafish brain using differential detection systems". BMC Developmental Biology (英文). 11 (1): 43. doi:10.1186/1471-213X-11-43. ISSN 1471-213X. PMC 3141750. PMID 21726453.
- ↑ "GRECIAN FOXGLOVE" (美國英文). Minnesota Department of Agriculture. 喺1 July 2021搵到.
- ↑ Goldfrank, L. W. (2006). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies (第8版). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- ↑ Rehman, Rameez; Dawson, Andrew H.; Hai, Ofek (2022). "Digitalis Toxicity". StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29083729. 喺20 February 2023搵到.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Abou-Donia, Mohamed (2015). Mammalian Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 631. ISBN 978-1-118-68331-6.
- ↑ Fuster, Valentin; Rydén, Lars E.; Cannom, David S.; Crijns, Harry J.; Curtis, Anne B.; Ellenbogen, Kenneth A.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Le Heuzey, Jean-Yves; Kay, G. Neal; Lowe, James E.; Olsson, S. Bertil (August 2006). "ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 48 (4): 861. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009. PMID 16904574.
- ↑ Lee Lopez, Orchid (2011). Back to Basics: Critical Care Transport Certification Review. Xlibris Corporation. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-4568-6274-9.
- ↑ "Cardiac Glycoside Plant Poisoning: Medscape reference". 喺3 July 2012搵到.
- ↑ Anon. "Notes on poisoning:Digitalis purpura". Canadian poisonous plants information system. Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility. 原著喺13 October 2011歸檔. 喺9 March 2013搵到.
- ↑ Lee, T. C. (20 February 1981). "Van Gogh's vision. Digitalis intoxication?". JAMA. 245 (7): 727–729. doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03310320049025. PMID 7007674.
- ↑ Lanthony, P. (October 1989). "[Van Gogh's xanthopsia]". Bulletin des Sociétés d'Ophtalmologie Française (法文). 89 (10): 1133–1134. PMID 2695267.
- 1 2 Arnold, Wilfred Niels; Loftus, Loretta S. (1 September 1991). "Xanthopsia and van Gogh's yellow palette" (PDF). Eye. 5 (5): 503–510. doi:10.1038/eye.1991.93. PMID 1794418. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺30 October 2018. 喺28 November 2020搵到.
- ↑ Gruener, Anna (July 2013). "Vincent van Gogh's yellow vision". British Journal of General Practice. 63 (612): 370–371. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X669266. PMC 3693787. PMID 23834871. 喺28 November 2020搵到.
- ↑ Voskuil, Piet (October 2020). "Vincent van Gogh and his illness. A reflection on a posthumous diagnostic exercise". Epilepsy & Behavior. 111 (107258). doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107258. PMID 32629415.
- ↑ Harkup, Kathryn (10 August 2017). "It was all yellow: did digitalis affect the way Van Gogh saw the world?". The Guardian (UK). 喺28 November 2020搵到.