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特別興趣

出自維基百科,自由嘅百科全書
(由狹窄興趣跳轉過嚟)
呢幅畫描繪想像中一位自閉症人士對有特別興趣。

特別興趣粵拼dak6 bit6 hing3 ceoi3),又叫特殊興趣或者狹窄興趣,係自閉症譜系障礙(ASD)相關討論上成日提到嘅概念,指自閉症譜系人士常有嘅高度專注興趣[1]。自閉症譜系其中一個特徵,就係患者對某啲特定嘅嘢有強烈嘅興趣,強烈過一般嘅興趣[2],可能會佔用佢哋大部份嘅休閒時間。有特別興趣嘅人可以一路做佢有興趣嗰樣嘢,做到一路超專注幾個鐘咁耐,想盡力學習關於嗰個課題嘅嘢[3],會收集相關嘅物品[4],仲會將佢嘅特別興趣融入玩耍[5]藝術創作入面[6]

特別興趣有異於超專注[7]:超專注係短期嘅,指一個人高度專注於某啲嘢之上,可能維持幾日到幾個月不等,任何人都可能有呢種情況,亦常見於 ADHD 人士[8],而特別興趣就係自閉症譜系嘅特徵,通常會起碼持續幾年咁耐[9]

發展

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二〇一八年影到有人喺度搜集益蟲標本。患有 ASD 嘅人成日會猛咁收集有興趣嘅物品[註 1]

研究估計,大約 75 至 90% 嘅自閉症人士會有特別興趣[4],當中有啲研究仲話個發生率去到 95% 咁高[10]。特別興趣通常喺一至四歲之間開始出現,但有時亦可能要等到成年先出現[4]。特別興趣好多時初頭係對某樣嘢著迷,之後就發展成對某個主題嘅興趣——想像一個處於自閉症譜系嘅細路,初時對玩具火車有興趣,之後發展成對火車同鐵路有特別興趣,又或者一個噉嘅細路玩寵物小精靈,特別鍾意蟲系(望落似昆蟲)嘅精靈,大個啲就變成對昆蟲有特別興趣,仲走去勁研究昆蟲學[2]

特別興趣嘅發展,有以下呢啲特性:

  • 特別興趣可能會隨時間改變,亦有可能維持一世[11]
  • 二〇一四年有研究發現,自閉症人士平均有兩個特別興趣,平均持續十三年[2]
  • 二〇二一年又有研究發現,受訪者報告嘅「目前特別興趣」平均有九個[12]

喺一九八〇年,特別興趣成為 DSM-III 列出嘅「自閉症其中一個特徵」,史上首次公認係自閉症嘅特徵之一[2]。到二〇二四年,喺最新嘅 DSM-5-TR 入便,特別興趣仍然被列為自閉症診斷特徵之一,份文件係噉寫嘅[13][註 2]

(特別興趣係指)高度受限、固定嘅興趣,其強度或者焦點異常,譬如係對唔尋常物件有強烈嘅依附或者成日諗住呢啲物件,專注、過分局限同持續嘅興趣。

處於自閉症譜系嘅人發展出特別興趣,常見嘅係基於交通工具動物運動流行文化[14],尤其係呢啲事物當中一啲容易數字化嘅嘢,例如係收集足球員嘅閃咭以及背誦有關佢哋嘅統計數字呀噉。

影響

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睇埋:專家知識

自閉症譜系人士投入自己嘅特別興趣,可以感受到巨大嘅喜悅[15],好多自閉症人士都會花大量時間落去追求自己嘅特別興趣[4],而對大人嚟講,參與特別興趣對精神健康有正面影響,可以提升自我肯定,仲可以用嚟處理壓力[10]

特別興趣有時可能會影響一個人生活嘅其他範疇,譬如係學業[2]。對兒童嚟講,處於自閉症譜系嘅細路將自己嘅特別興趣融入學習,可以改善學習成果[14],令到佢哋更專心學嘢[16],仲可以用嚟教導佢哋一啲正面嘅行為[17]。例如:

  • 研究顯示,學生寫一啲關於佢哋特別興趣嘅文嗰時,寫作質素會好咗[14]
  • 二〇二二年有研究顯示,25% 有工作嘅自閉症人士會選擇喺佢哋特別興趣嘅範疇做嘢,而有就業相關特別興趣嘅大人可能有更好嘅就業前景[10]。自閉症人士亦有可能喺佢哋感興趣嘅範疇度成為專才或者老行專[18]

等等。

社交

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睇埋:資訊轟炸

特別興趣有可能導致社交上嘅問題,原因有好多:如果一個有 ASD 嘅人猛咁只講某個話題嘅嘢,可以令到其他人喪失同佢講嘢嘅興趣,尤其係如果佢資訊轟炸(係噉勁講大量有關某樣嘢嘅資訊)對話就可能會變得單向[2][19]。有部份嘅特別興趣可能會畀人覺得佢怪,譬如想像某個人對足球隊有興趣未必會畀人覺得佢怪,但係如果係對電塔有興趣其他人可能比較難接受。自閉症人士由於某啲原因(例如係因為佢哋嘅特別興趣畀人笑)而意識到呢點[10],可能會特登唔講佢哋嘅特別興趣,掩飾自己嘅自閉症障礙[14]。特別興趣亦可能同一個人嘅年齡唔相符[2][20]

特別興趣亦有可能用嚟幫 ASD 人士培養社交技巧[14]:好多人都主張,只要興趣唔阻礙生活其他方面,自閉症人士大可以培育自己嘅特別興趣[21];除此之外,自閉症人士亦有可能靠住特別興趣同他人建立關係——佢哋假如搵到同自己有共通興趣嘅人,就可能會好好傾,結交到感情非常深厚嘅朋友[22][23]

睇埋

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註釋

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  1. 不過鍾意收集物品唔表示一個人有自閉症:一個人係咪有自閉症譜系障礙,係要睇勻多種症狀嘅。
  2. 英文原文:"highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (e.g., strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interests)."

引咗

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  1. "Special interests". Ambitious about Autism (英文). 喺2024-05-02搵到.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Armstrong, Kimberly Ann (2014-10-17). "Interests in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder". summit.sfu.ca (英文). 喺2024-05-02搵到.
  3. https://www.autismparentingmagazine.com/autism-children-special-interests/. Original release on April 29, 2024. Retrieved on May 19, 2024.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Caldwell-Harris, Catherine L.; Jordan, Chloe J. (2014-01-01). "Systemizing and special interests: Characterizing the continuum from neurotypical to autism spectrum disorder". Learning and Individual Differences. 29: 98–105. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.10.005. ISSN 1041-6080.
  5. Spiker, Michael A.; Lin, C. Enjey; Van Dyke, Marilyn; Wood, Jeffrey J. (May 2012). "Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism". Autism (英文). 16 (3): 306–320. doi:10.1177/1362361311401763. ISSN 1362-3613. PMID 21705474.
  6. "Art and Identity on the Spectrum". YES! Magazine (美國英文). 喺2024-05-02搵到.
  7. Huang, Claire (2022-08-31). "A Snapshot Into ADHD: The Impact of Hyperfixations and Hyperfocus From Adolescence to Adulthood". Journal of Student Research (美國英文). 11 (3). doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v11i3.2987. ISSN 2167-1907.
  8. "Hyperfixation: What Is It & How to Manage It". Thriveworks (美國英文). 2024-02-02. 喺2024-05-22搵到.
  9. Wakeman, Caressa (2022-06-28). "May 14, 2024 | Neurodiversity in Engineering" (美國英文). 喺2024-05-15搵到.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Bross, Leslie Ann; Huffman, Jonathan M.; Hagiwara, Mayumi (2022-01-01). "Examining the special interest areas of autistic adults with a focus on their employment and mental health outcomes". Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation (英文). 57 (3): 289–305. doi:10.3233/JVR-221218. ISSN 1052-2263.
  11. Davey, Lydia (2020-05-31). "Using the special interests of autistic children to facilitate meaningful engagement and learning". Good Autism Practice (GAP). 21 (1): 43–64.
  12. Nowell, Kerri P.; Bernardin, Courtney J.; Brown, Cynthia; Kanne, Stephen (August 2021). "Characterization of Special Interests in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Brief Review and Pilot Study Using the Special Interests Survey". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. pp. 2711–2724. doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04743-6.
  13. CDC (2022-11-02). "Diagnostic Criteria | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | NCBDDD | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (美國英文). 喺2024-05-02搵到.
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Winter-Messiers, Mary Ann (2007). "From Tarantulas to Toilet Brushes: Understanding the Special Interest Areas of Children and Youth With Asperger Syndrome". Remedial and Special Education. 28 (3): 140–152. doi:10.1177/07419325070280030301.
  15. Winter-Messiers, Mary Ann (2007-05-01). "From Tarantulas to Toilet Brushes: Understanding the Special Interest Areas of Children and Youth With Asperger Syndrome". Remedial and Special Education (英文). 28 (3): 140–152. doi:10.1177/07419325070280030301. ISSN 0741-9325.
  16. Gunn, Kerry C. M.; Delafield-Butt, Jonathan T. (2016-01-01). "Teaching Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Restricted Interests: A Review of Evidence for Best Practice". Review of Educational Research (英文). 86 (2): 408–430. doi:10.3102/0034654315604027. ISSN 0034-6543.
  17. Wood, Rebecca (2021-05-01). "Understanding Autism, ITS, and Special Interests Through the Experiences of Adults Who Self-identify as Autistic: A Qualitative Study". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (英文). 51 (5): 1417–1428. doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04743-6. ISSN 1573-3432.
  18. "The importance of special interests in autism". Spectrum | Autism Research News (英文). 2023-05-11. 喺2024-05-02搵到.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. https://www.andnextcomesl.com/2022/09/infodumping-in-autism.html
  20. Motokane, Christine (2024-04-30). "How Pressure to Be 'Age Appropriate' Can Harm Autistic People". The Mighty (英文). 喺2024-05-10搵到.
  21. Zukor, Leslie A. (2023-04-27). "Autistic People Should Embrace Our Special Interests". The Mighty (英文). 喺2024-05-10搵到.
  22. Long, Rebecca-Eli M. (2024). "Access Points: Understanding Special Interests Through Autistic Narratives". Autism in Adulthood. doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0157.
  23. Hobbs, Laura; Hartley, Calum; Bentley, Sophie; Bibby, Jordan; Lauren, Bowden; Hartley, Jackie; Stevens, Carley (2020). "Shared special interest play in a specific extra-curricular group setting: a Minecraft Club for children with Special Educational Needs". Educational and Child Psychology. 37 (4): 81–95. doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2020.37.4.81.

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