生物神經細胞模型

圖1) 神經元同髓鞘軸突，信號從樹突輸入到軸突末端輸出。信號係一個短嘅電脈衝，叫做動作電位或者脈衝。

生物神經細胞模型（biological neuron models），又叫做脈衝神經元模型（spiking neuron models）^[1]，係泛指描述神經細胞行為嘅數學模型。呢啲細胞會喺細胞膜之間產生大概持續一毫秒嘅尖銳嘅電位，，叫做動作電位或者脈衝（圖2）。因為脈衝會沿著軸突同突觸，由發送神經元傳送到好多其他嘅木神經元，所以發放神經元會被認為係神經系統主要處理信息嘅單位。

發放神經元模型可以分為唔同類別：最詳細嘅數學模型係生物物理神經元模型（又叫霍奇金-虎克利模型），將膜電壓描述做輸入電流同離子通道激活程度嘅函數。整合同發射模型喺數學上會更簡單。佢將膜電壓當做係輸入電流嘅函數嚟預測脈衝時間，但唔描述形成動作電位時間過程嘅生物物理過程。更抽象嘅模型只預測輸出脈衝（但唔係膜電壓）作為刺激嘅函數，而刺激可以通過感覺輸入或者藥理學嚟達成。

圖2) 神經元動作電位脈衝嘅同時間嘅關係。留意翻，動作電位嘅幅度同實際嘅形狀可能會因為用嚟獲取信號嘅實驗技術而有唔同。

電輸入-輸出膜電壓模型[編輯]

呢個類別嘅模型描述咗神經元膜電流喺輸入階段同膜電壓喺輸出階段之間嘅關係。呢個類別包括（廣義嘅）整合-發射模型，同由霍奇金-虎克利喺1950年代早期嘅工作啟發嘅生物物理模型，當時，佢哋用一個實驗裝置篤穿細胞膜去迫使特定嘅膜電壓/電流發生^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]。

大部分現代嘅電神經界面應用細胞外電刺激，去避免篤穿細胞膜，因為篤穿細胞膜可能會導致細胞死亡同組織損傷。所以，對細胞外刺激，電神經元模型嘅適用程度唔係咁清楚^[6]。

霍奇金-虎克利[編輯]

霍奇金-虎克利模型（H＆H模型）^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]係一個描述神經細胞膜離子電流流動同細胞膜電壓之間關係嘅模型。佢用一套非線性微分方程去描述魷魚巨型軸突細胞膜通透離子通道嘅行為。霍奇金同虎克利因為呢項研究，攞到1963年嘅諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。

睇埋[編輯]

人工神經細胞

參考[編輯]

↑ Gerstner, Wulfram (2002). Spiking neuron models : single neurons, populations, plasticity. Werner M. Kistler. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-07817-X. OCLC 57417395.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. (1990-01-01). "A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve". Bulletin of Mathematical Biology (英文). 52 (1): 25–71. doi:10.1007/BF02459568. ISSN 1522-9602.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Hux, A. (2006). "MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT-VOLTAGE RELATIONS IN THE MEMBRANE OF THE GIANT AXON OF LOLIGO". www.semanticscholar.org (英文). 喺2023-04-07搵到.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Hodgkin, A.; Huxley, A. (1952). "Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo". The Journal of Physiology (英文).
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 www.semanticscholar.org https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-components-of-membrane-conductance-in-the-giant-Hodgkin-Huxley/720d1980fa69bbdb78be7cac0aba8ecdd48bdd66. 喺2023-04-07搵到. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Mathieson, Keith; Loudin, James; Goetz, Georges; Huie, Philip; Wang, Lele; Kamins, Theodore I.; Galambos, Ludwig; Smith, Richard; Harris, James S.; Sher, Alexander; Palanker, Daniel (2012–06). "Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis with high pixel density". Nature Photonics (英文). 6 (6): 391–397. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.104. ISSN 1749-4893.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)

[1] Gerstner, Wulfram (2002). Spiking neuron models : single neurons, populations, plasticity. Werner M. Kistler. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-07817-X. OCLC 57417395.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. (1990-01-01). "A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve". Bulletin of Mathematical Biology (英文). 52 (1): 25–71. doi:10.1007/BF02459568. ISSN 1522-9602.

[:1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Hux, A. (2006). "MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT-VOLTAGE RELATIONS IN THE MEMBRANE OF THE GIANT AXON OF LOLIGO". www.semanticscholar.org (英文). 喺2023-04-07搵到.

[:2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Hodgkin, A.; Huxley, A. (1952). "Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo". The Journal of Physiology (英文).

[:3-5] 5.0 ^5.1 www.semanticscholar.org https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-components-of-membrane-conductance-in-the-giant-Hodgkin-Huxley/720d1980fa69bbdb78be7cac0aba8ecdd48bdd66. 喺2023-04-07搵到. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[6] Mathieson, Keith; Loudin, James; Goetz, Georges; Huie, Philip; Wang, Lele; Kamins, Theodore I.; Galambos, Ludwig; Smith, Richard; Harris, James S.; Sher, Alexander; Palanker, Daniel (2012–06). "Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis with high pixel density". Nature Photonics (英文). 6 (6): 391–397. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.104. ISSN 1749-4893.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)

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