試玩測試

試玩測試（當中玩作粵拼：waan2）係遊戲製作嘅工序，講緊隻遊戲推出市場之前搵人返嚟試玩，檢查隻遊戲入便有冇咩設計上嘅缺陷，有啲人仲會專職做試玩員。試玩測試呢種做法，喺桌上遊戲、集換式咭遊戲、角色扮演遊戲以至視像遊戲等產品嘅製作上都好常見，而且係質量控制流程嘅固定部分。

基本背景

遊戲體驗源自遊戲嘅規則同系統，但係任何遊戲都梗會有一定嘅自由度，玩家喺規則之內可以選擇唔同嘅行動，所以玩嘅過程本質上必定帶有不確定性。正正就係因為呢啲自由同變化，遊戲先至能夠產生咁多樣化嘅體驗^[1]。例如喺一隻瑪利奧噉嘅平台遊戲入便，就算關卡設計師設定咗一條「正路」俾玩家行，玩家依然可以選擇行偏路，例如跳過某啲平台，或者用特殊技巧搵捷徑；喺集換式咭遊戲入便，規則係固定咗，但玩家可以自由組合咭組，決定用咩策略，結果往往充滿變化；開放世界遊戲就更甚，玩家有極大自由，無論係專注於主線劇情、周圍探索，定係只係隨意遊玩，都可以造成完全唔同嘅體驗。

做遊戲設計嘅人，有陣時會選擇使用某啲心理指標嚟評估遊戲體驗，其中比較常見嘅就有心流同埋投入感等。心流係講緊玩家要喺挑戰同能力之間達到平衡，一旦到咗呢個狀態佢哋就會進入高度專注、忘卻時間流逝嘅狀態^[2]；而投入感就係指玩家對遊戲世界產生沉浸式嘅感覺，好似真係置身其中噉^[3]。呢啲概念幫助設計師理解點樣令玩家更持續、愉快噉參與遊戲。

有遊戲設計工作者提倡，試玩有必要同製作同步進行，如果等到製作工作搞掂晒先試玩，某啲設計上嘅錯誤可能會遲遲未能發現同處理，結果令遊戲體驗大受影響。透過及早試玩，開發者可以更快發現玩法同設計有咩問題^[4]。

概念釐清

喺遊戲開發入面，試玩測試同遊戲測試雖然都係屬於測試，但重點並唔同^[5]^[6]：一般嚟講，遊戲測試集中於技術層面，例如想搵出程式有冇出錯、檢查源碼有冇錯誤、眾功能係咪正常運作等等；相比之下，試玩測試就集中講玩家體驗^{[註 1]}，開發組透過觀察玩家反應，判斷遊戲設計得好唔好－譬如係有冇趣味、難度係咪適中、操作係咪順暢。遊戲測試偏向工程同質量控制，而試玩測試就比較集中喺設計同用家體驗^{[註 2]}。兩者結合，可以令到遊戲行起上嚟穩定，而且又好玩。

試玩測試同設計上講嘅可用度測試查實幾相似。兩者都係講緊透過觀察用家嘅實際使用情況，去評估設計係咪達成期望嘅效果：做試玩測試，要睇玩家對遊戲有乜嘢反應，例如操作係咪合乎直覺、玩嘅途中有冇沉悶嘅環節，設計者得到呢啲資訊，就要郁手改善玩家體驗；可用度測試多數應用於軟件或者網站嘅設計，零舍在意件產品用起上嚟係咪容易，包括係用家介面有冇令人感到混亂呀噉。兩樣嘢應用範疇唔同，但一樣咁重視用家體驗^[7]。

自動化

喺二〇二〇年代起，有唔少研究者都嘗試用人工智能將試玩嘅工作自動化。試玩 AI 可以採用強化學習嘅做法：首先， AI 需要透過介面同遊戲互動^{[註 3]}，當隻遊戲係黑盒，只留意其輸入同輸出；而試玩 AI 內部會有特製嘅演算法，教佢點樣睇遊戲俾嘅輸出，同埋按咩法則決定點樣俾輸入。若果試玩 AI 整得好，仲可以模擬到多種唔同玩法風格嘅玩家^[8]。

睇埋

可用度測試
遊戲嘅營銷

註釋

↑ 亦可以睇睇用家體驗同用家體驗設計等嘅概念。
↑ 不過，喺試玩遊戲途中亦時會發現新嘅 bug。
↑ 詳情可以睇睇應用程式介面。

引述

↑ Salen, K. and Zimmerman, E. 2004. Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. MIT Press.
↑ Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.). (1992). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. Cambridge university press.
↑ Brown, E., & Cairns, P. (2004, April). A grounded investigation of game immersion (PDF). In CHI'04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 1297-1300).
↑ Schell, J. 2015. The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses. CRC Press，佢哋呢度噉講："The whole point of playtesting is to make clear to you that some of the decisions you were completely comfortable with are completely wrong. You need to find these things out as soon as possible, while there is still time to do something about them."
↑ Choi, J.O., Forlizzi, J., Christel, M., Moeller, R., Bates, M. and Hammer, J., 2016, October. Playtesting with a Purpose. In Proceedings of the 2016 annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play (pp. 254-265)，佢哋呢度噉講："Playtesting ... gives designers feedback about whether their game is meeting their goals and the player's expectations."
↑ Fullerton, T. 2014. Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games, 3rd Edition. CRC Press，佢講過："Playtesting is something that the designer performs... to gain an insight into whether or not the game is achieving your player experience goals."
↑ Jr, M.W., Sathiyanarayanan, P., Nagappan, M., Zimmermann, T., and Bird, C. 2016. "What Went Right and What Went Wrong": An Analysis of 155 Postmortems from Game Development. Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion, ACM Press. 280-289.
↑ de Woillemont, P.L.P., Labory, R. and Corruble, V., 2022, October. Automated play-testing through RL based human-like play-styles generation. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 146-154).

資源

Choi, J.O., Forlizzi, J., Christel, M., Moeller, R., Bates, M. and Hammer, J., 2016, October. Playtesting with a Purpose. In Proceedings of the 2016 annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play (pp. 254-265)，呢篇文講教育嘢，佢哋設計咗工作坊，教遊戲製作相關領域嘅學生點樣做試玩測試。

[7] 亦可以睇睇用家體驗同用家體驗設計等嘅概念。

[8] 不過，喺試玩遊戲途中亦時會發現新嘅 bug。

[10] 詳情可以睇睇應用程式介面。

[1] Salen, K. and Zimmerman, E. 2004. Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. MIT Press.

[csik1992-2] Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.). (1992). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. Cambridge university press.

[Brown2004-3] Brown, E., & Cairns, P. (2004, April). A grounded investigation of game immersion (PDF). In CHI'04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 1297-1300).

[4] Schell, J. 2015. The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses. CRC Press，佢哋呢度噉講："The whole point of playtesting is to make clear to you that some of the decisions you were completely comfortable with are completely wrong. You need to find these things out as soon as possible, while there is still time to do something about them."

[5] Choi, J.O., Forlizzi, J., Christel, M., Moeller, R., Bates, M. and Hammer, J., 2016, October. Playtesting with a Purpose. In Proceedings of the 2016 annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play (pp. 254-265)，佢哋呢度噉講："Playtesting ... gives designers feedback about whether their game is meeting their goals and the player's expectations."

[6] Fullerton, T. 2014. Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games, 3rd Edition. CRC Press，佢講過："Playtesting is something that the designer performs... to gain an insight into whether or not the game is achieving your player experience goals."

[9] Jr, M.W., Sathiyanarayanan, P., Nagappan, M., Zimmermann, T., and Bird, C. 2016. "What Went Right and What Went Wrong": An Analysis of 155 Postmortems from Game Development. Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion, ACM Press. 280-289.

[11] Woillemont, P.L.P., Labory, R. and Corruble, V., 2022, October. Automated play-testing through RL based human-like play-styles generation. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 146-154).

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