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阿拉伯復興主義

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
阿拉伯復興主義
البعثية
創黨人Michel Aflaq
意識形態
政治取態左派[12]
代表顏色　 黑色、 　 白色、 　 綠色、　 紅色
口號「統一、自由、社會主義（英文：Unity, Freedom, Socialism）」
「一個有永遠任務嘅統一阿拉伯國家」[13]

阿拉伯復興主義（阿拉伯文：البعثية，羅馬化： al-Baʿthīyah[a] 係一種阿拉伯民族主義嘅政治意識形態，主張喺阿拉伯人為主嘅地方，成立一個統一嘅社會主義國家，由復興黨負責一黨專政。呢個概念嘅主要策劃人包括 Michel Aflaq、Zaki al-Arsuzi、同埋 Salah al-Din al-Bitar。到比較後期，跟呢個概念管治嘅阿頭包括伊拉克嘅侯賽因同敘利亞嘅阿薩德。

阿拉伯復興主義主要提倡要阿拉伯人發動自己嘅文藝復興（類似伊斯蘭黃金時期），嚟推舉自己嘅文化同價值觀。同時，呢個主義亦都基於阿拉伯人「未夠啟蒙」嘅原因，而暫時拒絕多黨制，用一黨專政去管理個國家。因為阿拉伯復興主義嘅意識形態屬於社會主義嘅一種，所以佢嘅政治光譜一般都係屬於左派[15]。

喺經濟政策方面，阿拉伯復興主義同社會主義非常相似。例如，呢種思想支持將自然資源國有化、由政府設立計劃經濟、同埋向農民分配農地等等。不過，復興主義拒絕咗馬克思對階級鬥爭嘅諗法，認為係會損害阿拉伯人之間嘅團結[16]。

分別由復興主義政府掌權嘅伊拉克同敘利亞，都利用集權嘅方法嚟迴避異見人士嘅批評[17]。其中敘利亞復興黨嘅政治思想同原裝有啲出入。

腳註

[編輯]
  1. ↑ IPA：albaʕˈθijja，來自阿拉伯文：بعث，羅馬化： baʿth；意思係「復興」或者「復活」[14]

文獻

[編輯]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2005). Islamic Fundamentalism Since 1945 (英文). Psychology Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-415-30173-2. Ba'athism as an expression of Arab nationalist identity had little patience for a political discourse limited by an attachment to a single faith system. For the founders of Ba'athism, the principles of secular, nationalist socialism would unite all Arabs irrespective of religion, nation or class.
  2. ↑ Matthews, Ken (2003). The Gulf Conflict and International Relations (英文). Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-134-90458-7. Ba'athism is a mixture of pan-Arabism and Arab socialism
  3. ↑ Yassine-Hamdan, Nahla; Pearson, Frederic (2014). Arab Approaches to Conflict Resolution: Mediation, Negotiation and Settlement of Political Disputes (英文). Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-136-65866-2. The Ba'ath ideology was comprised of rigid systems of beliefs, with the idea of Arab unity as the main core. Ba'athists believed that they should use all means, including coercive measures, to achieve this goal.
  4. ↑ Matthews, Ken (2003). The Gulf Conflict and International Relations (英文). Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-134-90458-7. Ba'athism is a revolutionary philosophy whose technique has been to foster and lead revolution from below—the very fragmentation of many Islamic societies precludes sufficient solidarity at the grass-roots to make a general uprising a viable strategy. The method is to capture power by whatever means possible and institute the revolution from above.
  5. ↑ Matar, Linda; Kadri, Ali (2018). Syria: From National Independence to Proxy War (英文). Springer. p. 213. ISBN 978-3-319-98458-2. Ba'athism emerged as part of a global efflorescence of populist, socialist, and other anti-systemic movements encompassing the 1917–1973 wave of national revolts which went by various names, including the anticolonial movements or the emergence of the South... Forces of socialism, communism, and left-wing Ba'athism were increasingly setting the agenda within Syria.
  6. ↑ Humphreys, R. Stephen (2005). Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age (英文). University of California Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-520-93258-6. The Baath was the most ardently Pan-Arabist movement of all; its program combined a secularist worldview, populism, a vaguely Marxist socioeconomic program, and a visionary dream of a single Arab nation stretching from Morocco to Iraq.
  7. ↑ Dawisha, Adeed I. (1980). Syria and the Lebanese Crisis (英文). Springer. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-349-05371-1. For the Party to succeed in achieving these aims, Aflaq insisted that the Baath had to be nationalist, populist, socialist and revolutionary. The radicalism of the Baath later became more manifest as a result of the Sixth National Congress held in Damascus in October 1963. The Congress declared the peasants and workers to constitute the base not only of the 'Arab revolution' but also, and more significantly, of the Party itself. Accordingly, only peasants, workers and revolutionary intellectuals of civilian or military background could accomplish the socialist revolution. Moreover, the Congress insisted on the need for workers' control of the means of production, and for an agrarian reform where collective farms would be governed by peasants.
  8. ↑ Olson, Wm J. (2021). U.S. Strategic Interests In The Gulf Region (英文). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-00995-8. The traditional Gulf states now represented by the GCC have accordingly grave concerns for the security of their monarchist regimes from republican radicalism on the left as represented by Iraqi Ba'athism or South Yemeni Marxism or republican radicalism on the right as represented by religious fundamentalism.
  9. ↑ Graz, Liesl (1992). The Turbulent Gulf (英文). Bloomsbury Academic. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-85043-557-0. Ba'athism is not democracy, but it is indissolubly linked to a republican form of government.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bieber, Florian (2020). Debating Nationalism: The Global Spread of Nations (英文). Bloomsbury Academic. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-350-09810-7. Ba'athism and most other Arab nationalist movements drew on the widespread anti-colonial themes as well as on hostility toward Israel, which became associated with colonialism in pan-Arab discourse.
  11. ↑ Andrews, John (2010). The Economist Book of Isms (英文). Profile Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84765-179-2. Ba'athism espouses, at least in theory, non-alignment, pan-Arabism and anti-imperialism (in practice, Ba'athists aligned themselves with the Soviet Union during the cold war).
  12. ↑ Devlin 1975, p. 22.
  13. ↑ Bengio, Ofra (1998). "Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq". Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, US: 牛津大學出版社. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-511439-3. The name Ba'th at once evokes the party's central slogans: "A single Arab nation with an eternal mission" and "Unity, freedom, socialism."
  14. ↑ "Mawrid Reader". ejtaal.net. p. 80. 喺2023-10-24搵到.
  15. ↑ Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). pp. 364–365. 原著 (PDF)喺23 July 2011歸檔. 喺8 March 2013搵到.
  16. ↑ Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). pp. 364, 365. 原著 (PDF)喺23 July 2011歸檔. 喺8 March 2013搵到. In practice, the economic doctrine of the Ba’th eschewed private enterprise and called for a state directed economy, much like the USSR. According to the basic documents of the party: the national wealth is the property of the state; the traditional distribution (i.e., the holding of most arable land by absentee landowners who leaded (sic) the land out to the peasants) is unjust and therefore it must be corrected; farming land should be allocated according to the capability to husband it; factories will be cooperative; trade will be controlled by the state.
  17. ↑ Sammy, Ketz (2024-12-15). "Once a leading force, Assad's Baath party wiped off Mideast politics: analysts". Al-Monitor (英文). 喺2024-12-20搵到.
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