糧食通脹

糧食通脹係指影響糧食嘅通脹。糧食通脹起因有好多，譬如係收成唔好、打仗、能源價格上升呀噉。糧食通脹被指係最易察覺嗰種通脹，對基層嘅人影響零舍深，而且由於食物係生存必需品，所以糧食通脹幾乎實會引致貨幣通脹^[1]^[2]^[3]。

政府有好多方法可以用嚟應對糧食通脹，諸如係實施補貼同埋價格管制等等，都有助壓止糧食通脹。而喺有危機發生（例如戰亂或者饑荒）嗰陣，政府可以推行糧食配給制，向低收入嘅群體提供糧食券或者糧食援助，都有助舒緩糧食通脹帶嚟嘅影響。維持多元化嘅農業生產，噉市場就冇咁易因為單一作物受衝擊而出現通脹。有陣時糧食通脹可能係人為嘅，噉政府就可能會用法律方法防止啲企業利用掠奪式定價或者壟斷定價嚟圖利^[4]^[5]^[6]。

概論

糧食都分好多種，唔同糧食類型出現通脹，影響嘅人群都唔同：奢侈品或者小眾食品（好似係鵝肝等有錢人先會食嘅嘢）被指係最易受糧食通脹衝擊，但係呢啲食品價格上升，對普羅大眾通常都冇乜影響；主糧（東亞嘅話，係講緊小麥同稻米等）較少出現通脹，但打仗嗰陣就有可能出現，呢啲糧食出現通脹，對民生嘅影響可以好嚴重。一般嚟講，多數國家同地區嘅政府都會盡力避免主糧通脹，例如對麵包（喺歐美係主糧）提供補貼噉^[7]。

主糧出現通脹有陣時可能源於疾病：尤其是如果啲主糧作物基因多樣性低就可能會出現一種情況，單一一隻病原體就有能力摧毀成大片嘅田地^{[註 1]}^{[註 2]}；順帶一提，唔少做農業相關工作嘅科學家都會做研究，分析農作物嘅基因多樣性^[8]^[9]^[2]。

以下係二〇二二年嘅空間數據，世界各國家及地區嘅糧食通脹率數據（英文）：顏色愈偏向黃嘅地區就愈傾向係有糧食方面嘅通縮，而顏色愈偏向深藍嘅地區就愈傾向係有糧食方面嘅通脹；灰色嗰幾笪係缺乏數據。

成因

糧食通脹可以有好多成因，譬如係氣候變化、打仗、收成欠佳同埋能源成本上升... 等，都可以令到啲糧食貴咗。

農作物之間嘅疾病亦時常會引發糧食通脹，例如愛爾蘭大饑荒噉，就被指係起自當時嘅人淨係種植某一個品種嘅馬鈴薯，遺傳多樣性極低，一旦有一隻專侵襲呢種馬鈴薯嘅病傳入愛爾蘭，就搞到大批農作物死晒^{[註 3]}^{[註 4]}最後引致大規模饑荒^[10]^[11]。

有啲時候，糧食通脹亦可以係源自人為抬價。尤其係啲大公司控制糧食價格，人為噉將個價維持喺高水平：大公司控制嘅情況好多時會經過掠奪式定價先：即係佢哋將食品價格壓到低過市場價值，趕走晒啲競爭對手之後，再人工噉將價錢推高，成為新標準。此外，亦有啲人鍾意炒賣資產圖利，佢哋亦有可能會攞糧食嚟炒。^[12]^[13]

能源方面嘅成本亦會對糧食價格產生重大影響：種農作物嘅過程中，做灌溉、施肥、除草... 冚唪唥都要用機械幫手；啲農作物種好就要收割，收割又要用機械幫手，收割好又要將啲農作物運去市場嗰度，消費者先至可以買到，運輸又係要用各種重型交通工具。呢啲咁多唔同機械，實要用能源先至可以維持產量；因為噉，能源成本上漲就會直接推高糧食價格。^[14]

睇埋

註釋

↑ 主糧多數係植物，噉係因為牛同羊等攞嚟食嘅動物，都係要靠可食用嘅植物嚟飼養嘅。
↑ 但喺某啲地區，肉類都可以成為主糧，例如蒙古（以綿羊為主糧）等傳統以畜牧為主嘅地區，而喺已發展國家，因為佢哋財富較多，肉類亦有機會成為主糧。
↑ 加上當時英國啲官員咩都唔做又成日剝削愛爾蘭人。
↑ 亦可以睇埋多角投資講嘅嘢。

引述

↑ A Double Burden: The effects of food price increases and currency depreciations on food import bills (報告). UN Trade and Development. 16 December 2022.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Chand, Ramesh (2010). "Understanding the Nature and Causes of Food Inflation". Economic and Political Weekly. 45 (9): 10–13. JSTOR 25664159.
↑ Barrett, Philip (12 September 2022). "How Food and Energy are Driving the Global Inflation Surge". IMF.
↑ Davidson, Paul (18 January 2023). "Inflation is battering lower-income households most as food, housing costs soar, Fed study says". USA TODAY.
↑ Jayashankar, Aparna; Murphy, Anthony (10 January 2023). "High inflation disproportionately hurts low-income households". Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
↑ Koppes, Steve (14 August 2024). "Consumers continue to lower food inflation expectations and estimates" (新聞稿). Purdue University - College of Agriculture.
↑ Algieri, Bernardina; Kornher, Lukas; Von Braun, Joachim (February 2024). The Changing Drivers of Food Inflation – Macroeconomics, Inflation, and War (PDF) (報告). ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy No. 339. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.340561. hdl:20.500.11811/12023. SSRN 4748639.
↑ "SNAP Staple Foods". Food and Nutrition Service.
↑ Lulka, David (2006). "Bison and the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations". Great Plains Research. 16 (1): 73–84. JSTOR 23779727.
↑ Thornton, Mark (17 March 2017). "What Caused the Irish Potato Famine?". Mises Daily.
↑ Strassmann, Paul. "Who's Responsible? - The Pernicious Characteristics Of Monocultures". PBS.
↑ Funk, Michael; Jaag, Christian (June 2018). "The More Economic Approach to Predatory Pricing". Journal of Competition Law & Economics. 14 (2): 292–310. doi:10.1093/joclec/nhy008.
↑ Baumol, William J. (1979). "Quasi-Permanence of Price Reductions: A Policy for Prevention of Predatory Pricing". The Yale Law Journal. 89 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/795909. JSTOR 795909.
↑ Ismaya, Bambang Indra; Anugrah, Donni Fajar (3 September 2018). "Determinant of Food Inflation". Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking. 21 (1): 81–94. doi:10.21098/bemp.v21i1.926. The level of transmission of international prices to domestic prices depends on a country’s dependence on imports of food items and the inputs used in agricultural production. In this case, dependency Indonesia on food import is relatively low. It is because most of food- demand could be fulfilled by domestic production and only a few commodities have a high dependency to import (such as garlic and beef meat).

外拎

（英文）糧價震盪釀亂局　通脹熱錢勢作反，東方日報

[8] 主糧多數係植物，噉係因為牛同羊等攞嚟食嘅動物，都係要靠可食用嘅植物嚟飼養嘅。

[9] 但喺某啲地區，肉類都可以成為主糧，例如蒙古（以綿羊為主糧）等傳統以畜牧為主嘅地區，而喺已發展國家，因為佢哋財富較多，肉類亦有機會成為主糧。

[12] 加上當時英國啲官員咩都唔做又成日剝削愛爾蘭人。

[13] 亦可以睇埋多角投資講嘅嘢。

[1] A Double Burden: The effects of food price increases and currency depreciations on food import bills (報告). UN Trade and Development. 16 December 2022.

[Chand_Understanding_the_Nature-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Chand, Ramesh (2010). "Understanding the Nature and Causes of Food Inflation". Economic and Political Weekly. 45 (9): 10–13. JSTOR 25664159.

[3] Barrett, Philip (12 September 2022). "How Food and Energy are Driving the Global Inflation Surge". IMF.

[4] Davidson, Paul (18 January 2023). "Inflation is battering lower-income households most as food, housing costs soar, Fed study says". USA TODAY.

[5] Jayashankar, Aparna; Murphy, Anthony (10 January 2023). "High inflation disproportionately hurts low-income households". Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.

[6] Koppes, Steve (14 August 2024). "Consumers continue to lower food inflation expectations and estimates" (新聞稿). Purdue University - College of Agriculture.

[7] Algieri, Bernardina; Kornher, Lukas; Von Braun, Joachim (February 2024). The Changing Drivers of Food Inflation – Macroeconomics, Inflation, and War (PDF) (報告). ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy No. 339. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.340561. hdl:20.500.11811/12023. SSRN 4748639.

[10] "SNAP Staple Foods". Food and Nutrition Service.

[11] Lulka, David (2006). "Bison and the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations". Great Plains Research. 16 (1): 73–84. JSTOR 23779727.

[14] Thornton, Mark (17 March 2017). "What Caused the Irish Potato Famine?". Mises Daily.

[15] Strassmann, Paul. "Who's Responsible? - The Pernicious Characteristics Of Monocultures". PBS.

[16] Funk, Michael; Jaag, Christian (June 2018). "The More Economic Approach to Predatory Pricing". Journal of Competition Law & Economics. 14 (2): 292–310. doi:10.1093/joclec/nhy008.

[17] Baumol, William J. (1979). "Quasi-Permanence of Price Reductions: A Policy for Prevention of Predatory Pricing". The Yale Law Journal. 89 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/795909. JSTOR 795909.

[Ismaya_Anugrah_Determinant_of_Food_Inflation-18] Ismaya, Bambang Indra; Anugrah, Donni Fajar (3 September 2018). "Determinant of Food Inflation". Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking. 21 (1): 81–94. doi:10.21098/bemp.v21i1.926. The level of transmission of international prices to domestic prices depends on a country’s dependence on imports of food items and the inputs used in agricultural production. In this case, dependency Indonesia on food import is relatively low. It is because most of food- demand could be fulfilled by domestic production and only a few commodities have a high dependency to import (such as garlic and beef meat).

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