Duolingo

**Duolingo**
網址	www.duolingo.com
註冊	係
現時狀態	線上營運緊

Duolingo（英文讀音：/ˌdjuːoʊˈlɪŋɡoʊ/，大致似粵拼：diu6 ou6 ling1 gou2）係一間美國嘅科技公司，出名在製作教育用嘅流動應用程式，尤其係幫人學第二語言嘅程式。呢間公司嘅流動應用程式喺二〇一二年正式推出，直至二〇二〇年代初，佢哋總共提供一百零六種唔同嘅語言課程，涵括咗世界各地超過四十隻語言^[1]。直至二〇二三年二月為止，佢哋嘅程式廣泛噉被認為係最受歡迎嘅學語言程式，喺二〇二三年二月就有成 1,340 萬位用家下載^[2]。

Duolingo 喺設計上嘅一大特徵，係採用咗高度嘅遊戲化：個程式用咗成就系統、用家化身同埋排行榜等嘅設計，成個程式整到彷彿好似用家一路打機一路學嘢噉，用意係想提升用家學習嘅動機；有唔少研究者都有剖析呢種設計係咪能夠有效噉提升學習效能，當中有人就喺二〇二三年出咗篇綜述文，睇勻晒打前嗰十幾年嘅研究，發現噉嘅設計的確能夠令用家最後學到更多嘢^[3]。

Duolingo 個名係源自拉丁文 duo（二、雙重噉解）同埋 lingua ^{[註 1]}（語言噉解）結合埋一齊而成嘅^[4]。

服務

學語言

Duolingo 最出名在於教語言。個程式會畀用家揀想學咩語言（例如英文同標準德文等），會將成個學習過程分做一堂堂，每一堂都會要用家答若干條語言問題，涉及到翻譯、互動式嘅習作（例如撳掣答邊隻德文字詞對應邊隻英文字詞）、小測驗同埋故事等嘅內容，某啲語言仲會有用隻語言做母語嘅人講 Podcast ^{[註 2]}，畀中等或者以上程度嘅用家聽^[5]。除此之外，個程式有配合特製嘅演算法，將課堂嘅難度調節到切合用家嘅水平^{[註 3]}，仲會提供個人化嘅學習建議^[6]。

直至 2023 年為止，Duolingo 有提供以下呢啲語言嘅課程（按呢啲語言英文名嘅開頭字母排先後）^[1]：

除此之外，Duolingo 仲有提供 Duolingo 英文測試^{[英 1]} —（DET）嘅服務。DET 包括咗一套網上做嘅英文測試，幫手量度一個人對英文有幾熟練，包含閱讀、書寫、聆聽同講嘢四大能力嘅測試，可以得到嘅分數最低係 10 分最高係 160 分，當中 120 分或以上算係對英文有返咁上下熟練。呢套測試完全係靠電腦做嘅，只有上到網就做得^[7]。

學其他嘢

除咗語言之外，Duolingo 仲有嘗試將佢哋嗰套高度遊戲化嘅教學方法用落去第啲領域嗰度：

數學：喺 2022 年十月，Duolingo 推出咗一款新嘅應用程式，教小學至中學級嘅數學^[8]。
音樂：喺 2023 年三月，有消息話 Duolingo 喺度開發用嚟教音樂嘅架生^[9]^[10]；而喺同年嘅十一月，Duolingo 正式公佈 Duolingo 音樂^{[英 2]}—用佢哋一貫嘅遊戲化方式，教人彈鋼琴、打鼓同埋睇樂譜^[11]^[12]。

等等。

設計

課堂結構

截至 2023 年，Duolingo 嘅課程係線性嘅，用家一堂一堂噉上，由淺入深噉，亦有得揀跳過其中一啲部份。一堂典型嘅課堂會有十二條題目咁上下，要用四至七分鐘完成。啲題目通常都係某啲形式嘅翻譯（設 T2 做學緊嗰隻語言，而 T1 做學習者已經熟晒嗰隻語言）^[13]：

畀一句 T2 句子，畀拃 T1 嘅字詞，學習者要揀啱用嘅字詞再排好次序，形成句 T2 句子嘅 T1 版本；
畀一句 T2 句子，學習者要翻譯句嘢，打返句嘢嘅 T1 版本出嚟；
畀幾個 T2 字詞同幾個 T1 字詞，學習者要同每隻 T2 字詞揀意思上相應嘅 T1 字詞；
上述呢啲翻譯問題，未必係由 T2 去 T1，由 T1 去 T2 都得；
上述噉嘅翻譯問題，可以橫跨聽講讀寫，即係例如個程式叫用家聽一句 T2 嘅句子^{[註 6]}^[14]^[15]，再打返句嘢嘅 T1 版本出嚟呀噉。

喺一般模式嘅課堂當中，學習者可以撳一隻 T2 字詞嚟睇隻字詞嘅 T1 翻譯，而喺特難嘅課堂裡便，學習者就冇得噉做。學習者犯咗錯嘅話，就要喺課堂最尾翻做錯咗嘅題目，一路做到啱為止，亦可以睇用 T1 寫成嘅文字解釋 T2 嘅文法概念。一堂課堂完成咗之後，用家就會按照佢嘅表現得到若干「經驗值」，得到經驗值就會令佢哋喺排行榜上嘅名次提升。

Duolingo 嘅用家會按級別分做一個個盟級^{[英 3]}，有銅、銀、金、藍寶石、紅寶石、綠寶石、紫晶、珍珠、黑曜同埋鑽石一共十個盟級。排行榜每個星期都會噏哋ap1 dei1，排行榜最頂嗰 X 位用家都可以晉級而最低嗰 Y 位用家都會降級（X 同 Y 嘅值取決於用家屬邊個盟級）^[16]。

遊戲化

Duolingo 一樣好出名嘅嘢係佢採用咗高度嘅遊戲化^{[英 4]}。遊戲化係遊戲設計嘅一種應用，定義係指將遊戲設計講到嘅理論同原理用落去非遊戲嘅場合當中。呢個程式用咗

成就系統，即係用家做咗某啲特定嘅嘢（例如係連續上咗三堂都冇犯錯）就可以得到虛擬嘅獎牌；
用家化身，即係用家可以噏撈圖像嚟做自己嘅代表；
排行榜，用家可以睇到排行榜，排行榜列出晒同隊用家嘅得分高低排名；

等嘅設計，上述呢啲設計都係廿一世紀初嘅網上遊戲常用嘅，所以 Duolingo 呢個設計令到用家好似打緊機嚟學語言噉嘅樣。呢啲設計嘅用意，係想畀用家有清晰嘅目標同反饋（有獎牌同排行榜名次可以追）^{[註 7]}—從而提升佢哋學嘢嘅動力^{[註 8]}^[17]。

影響

Duolingo 嘅設計，被指係能夠有效噉提升學習者學語言嘅動機，仲因為噉而攞過多個獎項。例如喺 2013 年，蘋果公司就揀咗 Duolingo 做佢當年嘅年度最佳 iPhone 流動應用程式^{[英 5]}，係首個得到呢個殊榮嘅教育用 apps ^[18]。

Duolingo 甚至仲引起咗 meme（粵拼：mim1）嘅創作：Duolingo 有一個 meme 好出名嘅，就係所謂嘅邪惡雙語貓頭鷹^[19]。Duolingo 有隻吉祥物，係一隻綠色嘅卡通貓頭鷹阿 Duo；Duolingo 嘅 apps 每日都會提醒用家要上語言堂，有陣時甚至會一日提幾次咁多，畀唔少人覺得佢提醒起上嚟有啲激進，於是就出咗邪惡 Duo 嘅 meme，將阿 Duo 描繪成邪惡，會逼用家上語言堂，用家唔上堂阿 Duo 就會對佢哋施以暴力，或者用刀槍威脅用家迫佢哋上堂^[20]。

邪惡 Duo meme 例子一^[19]：

Duolingo：睇嚟你又試唔記得上西班牙話堂喇。你知而家會發生咩事啦！
ADT：入侵者警告（後門）。小心。
用家：等陣...

邪惡 Duo meme 例子二^[19]：

Duolingo：Spanish or vanish.
粵譯：一係西班牙話（上西班牙話堂）一係消失。

睇埋

註釋

↑ 順帶一提，呢隻拉丁文字詞係陰性嘅。
↑ 呢啲 Podcast 好多都喺文法等方面簡化咗，方便唔熟嗰隻語言嘅用家聽。
↑ 可以睇睇適度挑戰同動態難度調控嘅概念。
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 目前淨係得「以西班牙話使用者做對象」嘅課程。
↑ 目前淨係得「以標準官話使用者做對象」嘅課程。
↑ 順帶一提，截至 2023 年，佢入面嘅人聲並唔真人聲，而係語音合成，用咗 Amazon Polly 做後端，但係啲聲係用配音員錄咗英文稿之後用機器學習整。
↑ 可以睇睇心流嘅概念。
↑ 不過又有研究指出，太過著重獎牌，可能會搞到學習者嘅動機變咗想攞獎牌而唔係想學到啲知識。

英詞

↑ Duolingo English Test
↑ Duolingo music
↑ league
↑ gamification
↑ iPhone App of the Year

引述

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "The Complete List Of EVERY Duolingo Language". Duoplanet. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
↑ "Top language learning apps by downloads 2023". Statista. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
↑ Shortt, M., Tilak, S., Kuznetcova, I., Martens, B., & Akinkuolie, B. (2023). Gamification in mobile-assisted language learning: A systematic review of Duolingo literature from public release of 2012 to early 2020. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(3), 517-554.
↑ Brand Story Hero - Duolingo. All Good Tales.
↑ duolingo podcasts – here's what you need to know. Duoplanet.
↑ I've been learning French on the Duolingo app for over a year now — here's what it's like to use the app. Business Insider.
↑ "Can't Take the TOEFL? Duolingo Might Offer an Alternative". Top Universities. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
↑ Duolingo has math now (and it's kind of hard). The Verge.
↑ Is Duolingo building a new music-learning app? We interpret the signs. TechRadar.
↑ "Duolingo will soon offer gamified music lessons". Engadget. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
↑ Duolingo confirms its app will soon include both math and music lessons.
↑ Duolingo's new Music platform will teach you the basics of playing tune. TechRadar.
↑ Munday, P. (2017). Duolingo. Gamified learning through translation (PDF). Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 4(2), 194-198，引文："Here are some examples of the required translation tasks in each "node" or unit: (1) Sentence in second language (L2) has to be translated into first language (L1). Most words in the prompt sentence are highlighted, which means that the student can see their translation by hover-ing their mouse or clicking on them. (2) Sentence in L2 has to be translated to L1, and the student is given jumbled words to choose from and organize. (3) Group of words, half in L1, half in L2, which need to be matched."
↑ Horie, André Kenji (12 May 2017). "Powering Language Learning on Duolingo with Amazon Polly" (英文). 喺2023年11月18號搵到.
↑ Chiu, Emily; Lenzo, Kevin; Swecker, Gretchen (August 23, 2021). "Giving our characters voices" (英文). 喺2023年11月18號搵到.
↑ duolingo leagues & leaderboards - everything you need to know. duoplanet.com.
↑ Hadi Mogavi, R., Guo, B., Zhang, Y., Haq, E. U., Hui, P., & Ma, X. (2022, June). When gamification spoils your learning: A qualitative case study of gamification misuse in a language-learning app. In Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale (pp. 175-188)，依班研究者做咗面試研究，發現的確有好多用家都掛住追逐排行榜上嘅名次或者誤以為 Duolingo 真係遊戲，變咗唔係為咗學語言而用隻 app。而且 Duolingo 仲被指對用家期望過高、排行榜分組不當、以及冇考慮用家嘅情緒同認知。亦可以睇睇強迫循環嘅概念。
↑ "Duolingo snags iPhone App of the Year". Gigaom. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Evil Duolingo Owl. Know Your Meme.
↑ Anderson, Sage (27 March 2019). "The Duolingo owl is out for vengeance in these threatening memes". Mashable. Retrieved 7 June 2019.

拎

官網
Duolingo Twitter
Duolingo Facebook
【加拿大升學】想到加拿大升學但唔想考IELTS？即刻睇 Duolingo 考試攻略！幫你一take pass!
（英文）就連熟識粵語嘅人都玩唔掂 Duolingo 粵語
（英文）睇嚟你今日錯過咗一堂西班牙話堂噃，一個「邪惡 Duolingo 貓頭鷹」 meme，將貓頭鷹阿 Duo 描繪成會攞住把刀威迫用家上堂。

[4] 順帶一提，呢隻拉丁文字詞係陰性嘅。

[6] 呢啲 Podcast 好多都喺文法等方面簡化咗，方便唔熟嗰隻語言嘅用家聽。

[8] 可以睇睇適度挑戰同動態難度調控嘅概念。

[esn-10] 4.0 ^4.1 目前淨係得「以西班牙話使用者做對象」嘅課程。

[11] 目前淨係得「以標準官話使用者做對象」嘅課程。

[21] 順帶一提，截至 2023 年，佢入面嘅人聲並唔真人聲，而係語音合成，用咗 Amazon Polly 做後端，但係啲聲係用配音員錄咗英文稿之後用機器學習整。

[27] 可以睇睇心流嘅概念。

[28] 不過又有研究指出，太過著重獎牌，可能會搞到學習者嘅動機變咗想攞獎牌而唔係想學到啲知識。

[12] Duolingo English Test

[17] Duolingo music

[24] ue

[26] tion

[30] Phone App of the Year

[lingua-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "The Complete List Of EVERY Duolingo Language". Duoplanet. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2022.

[2] "Top language learning apps by downloads 2023". Statista. Retrieved 6 October 2023.

[3] Shortt, M., Tilak, S., Kuznetcova, I., Martens, B., & Akinkuolie, B. (2023). Gamification in mobile-assisted language learning: A systematic review of Duolingo literature from public release of 2012 to early 2020. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(3), 517-554.

[5] Brand Story Hero - Duolingo. All Good Tales.

[7] uolingo podcasts – here's what you need to know. Duoplanet.

[9] I've been learning French on the Duolingo app for over a year now — here's what it's like to use the app. Business Insider.

[13] "Can't Take the TOEFL? Duolingo Might Offer an Alternative". Top Universities. Retrieved 2023-05-28.

[14] Duolingo has math now (and it's kind of hard). The Verge.

[15] Is Duolingo building a new music-learning app? We interpret the signs. TechRadar.

[16] "Duolingo will soon offer gamified music lessons". Engadget. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.

[18] Duolingo confirms its app will soon include both math and music lessons.

[19] Duolingo's new Music platform will teach you the basics of playing tune. TechRadar.

[20] Munday, P. (2017). Duolingo. Gamified learning through translation (PDF). Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 4(2), 194-198，引文："Here are some examples of the required translation tasks in each "node" or unit: (1) Sentence in second language (L2) has to be translated into first language (L1). Most words in the prompt sentence are highlighted, which means that the student can see their translation by hover-ing their mouse or clicking on them. (2) Sentence in L2 has to be translated to L1, and the student is given jumbled words to choose from and organize. (3) Group of words, half in L1, half in L2, which need to be matched."

[22] Horie, André Kenji (12 May 2017). "Powering Language Learning on Duolingo with Amazon Polly" (英文). 喺2023年11月18號搵到.

[23] Chiu, Emily; Lenzo, Kevin; Swecker, Gretchen (August 23, 2021). "Giving our characters voices" (英文). 喺2023年11月18號搵到.

[25] uolingo leagues & leaderboards - everything you need to know. duoplanet.com.

[29] Hadi Mogavi, R., Guo, B., Zhang, Y., Haq, E. U., Hui, P., & Ma, X. (2022, June). When gamification spoils your learning: A qualitative case study of gamification misuse in a language-learning app. In Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale (pp. 175-188)，依班研究者做咗面試研究，發現的確有好多用家都掛住追逐排行榜上嘅名次或者誤以為 Duolingo 真係遊戲，變咗唔係為咗學語言而用隻 app。而且 Duolingo 仲被指對用家期望過高、排行榜分組不當、以及冇考慮用家嘅情緒同認知。亦可以睇睇強迫循環嘅概念。

[31] "Duolingo snags iPhone App of the Year". Gigaom. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

[evilduo-32] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Evil Duolingo Owl. Know Your Meme.

[33] Anderson, Sage (27 March 2019). "The Duolingo owl is out for vengeance in these threatening memes". Mashable. Retrieved 7 June 2019.

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