馬克吐溫
馬克吐溫(Mark Twain,1835年11月30號—1910年4月21號),原名叫深苗奧 蘭韓 卡利文司(Samuel Langhorne Clemens),係美國小說家、作家,演講人。以其幽默、機智同名氣見稱,交友廣闊。佢寫嘅《湯姆歷險記》(The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)同埋之後嘅 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 至為人熟識。馬克吐溫1910年死,享年七十五,安葬喺紐約州艾瑪拉。
吐溫喺密蘇里州嘅漢尼拔長大,呢度後來成為《湯姆歷險記》同《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》嘅背景。佢早年做學徒做印刷,然後做植字員,為佢哥哥奧賴恩·克萊門斯嘅報紙寫稿。之後吐溫做咗密西西比河嘅汽船領航員,為佢提供咗寫《密西西比河上的生活》(1883年)嘅素材。好快之後,吐溫去咗西部同奧賴恩喺內華達領地會合。佢幽默咁提到自己挖礦唔成功,轉而為維吉尼亞城嘅《領土企業報》做記者。[1]
吐溫首次以作家身份成功係因為幽默小說《卡拉維拉斯縣著名跳蛙》,呢個故事喺1865年出版;故事靈感來自佢喺加州安吉爾斯營嘅安吉爾斯酒店聽到嘅故事,當時吐溫喺嗰度做礦工。呢個短篇故事令吐溫聲名大噪。[2] 佢寫小說同非小說。隨住名氣越來越大,吐溫成為咗炙手可熱嘅演講者。佢嘅機智同諷刺,無論係文字定係演講,都贏得咗評論家同同行嘅讚賞,吐溫仲同總統、藝術家、實業家同歐洲皇室做朋友。
雖然吐溫起初支持美國喺夏威夷王國嘅利益,但佢後來改變咗立場,[3] 由1901年到1910年佢死之前,佢擔任美國反帝國主義聯盟嘅副主席,強烈反對菲律賓-美國戰爭同美國帝國主義。[4][5][6] 吐溫喺1905年出版咗一本諷刺性嘅小冊子《利奧波德國王的獨白》,講述比利時喺剛果自由邦嘅暴行。
吐溫靠寫作同演講賺咗好多錢,但投資咗一啲蝕本嘅生意,例如佩奇排字機,呢部機械排字機因為太複雜同唔精準而失敗。佢因為呢啲財務挫折而申請破產,但喺標準石油高層亨利·赫特爾斯頓·羅傑斯嘅幫助下,慢慢克服咗財務困難。雖然申報破產意味住佢唔需要還晒啲債,但吐溫最終都全數還清咗所有債主嘅錢。吐溫出世嗰陣哈雷彗星啱啱經過,佢預言自己死嗰陣都會同彗星一齊,結果佢真係喺彗星最接近地球嘅一日之後就死咗。[7]
傳記
[編輯]早期生活
[編輯]山謬·蘭霍恩·克萊門斯喺1835年11月30號出世喺密蘇里州嘅佛羅里達。佢係珍(原名蘭普頓;1803-1890)同約翰·馬歇爾·克萊門斯(1798-1847)七個仔女中嘅第六個。珍係肯塔基州人,約翰係維珍尼亞州人。[8][9]
佢父母係因為佢老豆(一個喺肯塔基州受訓嘅律師)嘗試幫珍嘅老豆同叔父避免破產而認識。[10]佢哋喺1823年結婚。[11]吐溫係英格蘭人同阿爾斯特蘇格蘭人嘅後裔。[12][13][14][15]佢嘅七個兄弟姊妹中得三個過咗細路哥:奧賴恩(1825-1897)、帕梅拉(1827-1904)同亨利(1838-1858)。佢嘅細佬普萊森特·韓尼拔(1828)出世三個禮拜就夭折,[16][17]佢嘅家姐瑪格麗特(1830-1839)喺吐溫三歲嗰陣去世,佢嘅細佬本傑明(1832-1842)又喺三年後去世。[18]
當吐溫四歲嗰陣,佢屋企人搬去咗密蘇里州嘅漢尼拔,[19]呢個係密西西比河畔嘅港口城市,就係啟發《湯姆歷險記》同《哈克歷險記》入面嘅聖彼得堡鎮嘅原型。[20]當時密蘇里州仲容許奴隸制,所以奴隸制成為咗佢寫作嘅主題之一。佢老豆係律師兼法官,喺1847年因為肺炎去世,當時吐溫得11歲。[21]翌年,吐溫讀到五年級就退學,去做印刷學徒。[22] 喺1851年,佢開始做排字工人,同時為佢哥哥奧賴恩擁有嘅《漢尼拔日報》撰寫文章同幽默短文。當吐溫18歲嗰陣,佢離開漢尼拔,去咗紐約市、費城、聖路易斯同辛辛那提做印刷工人,加入咗新成立嘅國際印刷工會(即係印刷工人嘅工會)。吐溫喺夜晚自學,去公共圖書館搵資料,佢發現呢度嘅資料比傳統學校豐富好多。[23]
喺《密西西比河上嘅生活》一書入面,吐溫形容佢細個嗰陣嘅生活,話「喺我班兄弟之中,得一個永恆嘅志向」:就係做個蒸汽船船員。「船長係最高級嘅職位。就算係喺嗰啲工資低微嘅年代,船長都有一筆王公貴族咁嘅人工——由每個月一百五十到二百五十蚊唔等,仲唔使俾伙食費。」喺吐溫嘅描述入面,船長嘅聲望仲要高過船長添。船長要「同每棵舊樹頭、每棵單枝嘅三角葉楊樹同埋每一堆唔起眼嘅木頭堆建立一種溫暖親密嘅關係,呢啲嘢全部都係裝飾呢條河一千二百英里長嘅河岸嘅;仲有更加緊要嘅係,喺黑暗中都要……真係知道呢啲嘢喺邊度」。蒸汽船船長Horace Ezra Bixby收咗吐溫做學徒船長,教佢由新奧爾良到聖路易士呢段河道,收費五百蚊(相當於相當於2021年嘅$16,000),喺吐溫畢業之後第一份人工度扣返。吐溫研究密西西比河,學習佢嘅標誌、點樣有效咁喺河流度航行,仲有點樣閱讀河流同佢不斷變化嘅水道、暗礁、水底嘅樹頭同石頭,呢啲嘢「可以攞走最堅固嘅船隻嘅生命」。[24]佢用咗超過兩年先至攞到船長牌。做船長仲俾咗吐溫佢個筆名,「mark twain」係測深嘅術語,即係「兩噚」(12英尺)嘅水深,係蒸汽船可以安全航行嘅深度。[25][26]
作為一個年輕嘅船長,克萊門斯喺A. B. Chambers號蒸汽船度同Grant Marsh一齊工作,後者因為喺密蘇里河上做蒸汽船船長嘅事蹟而出名。佢哋兩個都好欣賞大家,喺克萊門斯離開河流之後仲維持咗好多年嘅通信。[27]
喺培訓期間,撒母耳說服佢細佬亨利同佢一齊做,仲幫佢喺Pennsylvania號蒸汽船度搵到一份泥工嘅工作。1858年6月13號,蒸汽船嘅鍋爐爆炸;亨利喺八日之後因傷重不治。吐溫聲稱佢一個月前喺夢中預見咗呢個死亡,[28]:275呢件事激發咗佢對通靈學嘅興趣;吐溫係心靈研究學會嘅早期成員。[29]吐溫好內疚,一生都覺得自己要負責。吐溫繼續喺河上工作,做到1861年美國內戰爆發為止,嗰陣密西西比河嘅交通受到限制。喺戰爭開始嘅時候,佢短暫加入咗當地嘅美利堅邦聯部隊。吐溫後來寫咗一篇短文《一場失敗嘅戰役嘅私人歷史》,描述佢同佢啲朋友點樣做咗兩個禮拜嘅邦聯志願軍,之後佢哋嘅部隊就解散咗。[30]
之後吐溫去咗內華達幫佢哥哥奧賴恩做嘢,奧賴恩係內華達領地嘅秘書。吐溫喺佢本書《艱苦歲月》度形容咗呢段經歷。[31][32]:147
疏仕
[編輯]- ↑ Thomson, David, In Nevada: The Land, The People, God, and Chance, New York: Vintage Books, 2000. ISBN 0-679-77758-X p. 35
- ↑ Twain, Mark (1903). The Jumping Frog: The Jumping Frog, in English, Then in French, Then Clawed Back Into a Civilized Language Once More by Patient, Unremunerated Toil. New York: Harper & Brothers.
- ↑ Caron, James E. (2008). "The Blessings of Civilization: Mark Twain's Anti-Imperialism and the Annexation of the Hawai'ian Islands". The Mark Twain Annual (6): 51–52. JSTOR 41582240. 原先內容歸檔喺October 31, 2023. 喺October 31, 2023搵到 –透過JSTOR.
- ↑ "Mark Twain – The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War". Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. 原先內容歸檔喺October 26, 2022. 喺October 26, 2022搵到.
- ↑ Stone, Oliver; Kuznick, Peter (2013). The Untold History of the United States.
- ↑ Thurber, Dani. "Research Guides: World of 1898: International Perspectives on the Spanish American War: Mark Twain". Library of Congress (英文). 原先內容歸檔喺October 31, 2023. 喺2023-10-31搵到.
During the Spanish-American War, Twain became a fervent anti-imperialist, even joining the Anti-Imperialist League. His sentiments about the war and the war in the Phillippines [sic] were published nationwide.
- ↑ "Mark Twain's weird but perfect ending". PBS NewsHour. April 21, 2022. 原先內容歸檔喺July 2, 2023. 喺July 2, 2023搵到.
- ↑ Coplin, Keith (1970). "John and Sam Clemens: A Father's Influence". Mark Twain Journal. 15 (1): 1–6. ISSN 0025-3499. JSTOR 41640872. 原先內容歸檔喺June 5, 2024. 喺June 4, 2024搵到.
- ↑ Hoffman, Andrew (1997). "Inventing Mark Twain". www.washingtonpost.com. 原先內容歸檔喺December 9, 2022. 喺2024-06-04搵到.
- ↑ Hoffman, Andrew J. (1997). Inventing Mark Twain. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0688127695. 原著喺January 19, 2017歸檔.
- ↑ Kaplan, Fred (2007). "Chapter 1: The Best Boy You Had 1835–1847". The Singular Mark Twain. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-47715-4. Cited in "Excerpt: The Singular Mark Twain". About.com: Literature: Classic. 原著喺March 2, 2006歸檔. 喺October 11, 2006搵到.
- ↑ Jeffrey L. (Ed) Egge. The Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine, Volume 41. p. 1.
- ↑ Michelle K Smith (December 31, 2014). "Mark Twain's ancestor was "witchfinder general" in Belfast trial". 原先內容歸檔喺April 19, 2015. 喺April 16, 2015搵到.
- ↑ Kathryn Stelmach Artuso. Transatlantic Renaissances: Literature of Ireland and the American South. p. 5.
- ↑ Lyman Horace Weeks. Genealogy Volume 1–2; a weekly journal of American ancestry. p. 202.
- ↑ Powers, Ron (2006). Mark Twain: A Life. Free Press. ISBN 9780743248990.
- ↑ "Welcome to the Mark Twain House & Museum – Clemens Family Tree". www.marktwainhouse.org. 原著喺February 10, 2017歸檔. 喺August 17, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Fears, David H. (2005). "Mark Twain Day by Day: An Annotated Chronology of the Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens Volume 1 (1835-1856 and a sampler of 1880)". Mark Twain Journal. 43 (1/2): 1–114. ISSN 0025-3499. JSTOR 41641553. 原先內容歸檔喺June 4, 2024. 喺June 4, 2024搵到.
- ↑ "Mark Twain, American Author and Humorist". 原先內容歸檔喺October 29, 2006. 喺October 25, 2006搵到.
- ↑ Lindborg, Henry J. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 原著喺October 28, 2009歸檔. 喺November 11, 2006搵到.
- ↑ "John Marshall Clemens". State Historical Society of Missouri. 原著喺September 23, 2013歸檔. 喺October 29, 2007搵到.
- ↑ 引用錯誤 無效嘅
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嘅參照 - ↑ Philip S. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (New York: International Publishers, 1958), p. 13, cited in Helen Scott's "The Mark Twain they didn't teach us about in school" (2000) in the International Socialist Review 10, Winter 2000, pp. 61–65, at [1] 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔,歸檔日期June 16, 2002,.
- ↑ Clemens, Samuel L. Life on the Mississippi, pp. 32, 37, 45, 57, 78, Harper & Brothers, New York and London, 1917.
- ↑ "Nautical Dictionary, Glossary and Terms directory: Search Results". www.seatalk.info. 歸檔時間August 17, 2017. 喺August 17, 2017搵到.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ↑ "What do Mark Twain and your depth sounder have in common?". www.boatsafe.com/index.html. 原著喺June 23, 2018歸檔. 喺September 10, 2018搵到.
- ↑ Hanson, Joseph Mills. The Conquest of the Missouri: Being the Story of the Life and Exploits of Captain Grant Marsh, pp. 24–29, Murray Hill Books, Inc., New York and Toronto, 1909.
- ↑ Smith, Harriet Elinor, 編 (2010). Autobiography of Mark Twain: Volume 1. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26719-0.
- ↑ For a further account of Twain's involvement with parapsychology, see Blum, Deborah, Ghost Hunters: William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death (Penguin Press, 2006).
- ↑ "Mark Twain Biography". The Hannibal Courier-Post. 原先內容歸檔喺November 20, 2008. 喺November 25, 2008搵到.
- ↑ Clemens, Samuel L. Roughing It, p. 19, American Publishing Company, Hartford, CT, 1872. ISBN 0-87052-707-X.
- ↑ J. R. Lemaster (1993). The Mark Twain Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0824072124.