施事者偵測
施事者偵測(英文:agent detection)指人類唔清楚某件事發生嘅因由嘅時候(例如道門自動閂埋),會傾向認為背後有個施事者(有目的同有智慧嘅存在,例如人、靈體或者其它超自然力量)存在,而現實入面施事者可能存在,亦可能唔存在(例如只係一陣風)。[1] 擬人論(anthropomorphism)亦係施事者偵測嘅表現,人傾向將模糊不清嘅嘢(例如雲)睇成人樣。[2]
原因
[編輯]演化優勢
[編輯]唔少研究都會以演化優勢嚟說明人點解會有施事者偵測。[2][3] 基本諗法係,當人類唔知前方危唔危險嘅時候,例如喺森林入口見到類似猛獸嘅腳印,根據施事者偵測,佢哋應該兜路走。因為假設事實上腳印係屬於草食動物,佢嘅成本只係兜路用多咗嘅時間。而如果個腳印真係屬於獅子,而佢哋走咗入森林,死亡風險就會大增。為咗提升生存機率,佢哋會兜路走。
根據錯誤管理理論(Error management theory),某啲認知偏誤(例如施事者偵測)係為咗適應環境而演化出嚟,唔係冇用或者完全係壞事。呢個理論假設面對唔確定因素嘅時候,由於唔知自己會唔會犯錯,人會思考做錯決定嘅成本,然後根據安全勝於後悔原則(better safe than sorry),下代價最低嘅決定。具體嚟講,判斷同現實有四個組合(認為有但其實冇、認為有而真係有、認為冇但其實有,認為冇而真係冇)。假設做錯判斷(即係第一同第三個情景),前者(假陽性)嘅成本比後者(假陰性)細好多,因為前者只係因為兜路而嘥時間同體力,但後者會導致死亡。面對唔對稱嘅成本,加上唔兜路所慳咗嘅時間同體力唔能夠抵銷呢個成本,兜路顯然係代價最低嘅決定,同時解釋到點解人傾向做假陽性判斷。[4][5]
認知機制
[編輯]關於背後嘅認知機制,Barret承接Guthrie有關研究[1][6][7],認為人擁有所謂hyperactive agent-detection device (HADD),令人過度敏感,以致成日錯估施事者存在。[8]根據呢個講法,當情況越唔明確(例如環境越暗,資訊越少),潛在威脅就越大,為咗降低不確定性,人會更傾向錯誤噉假定施事者存在。例如有研究發現人感到敬畏嘅時候比較唔能夠忍受不確定因素,於是容易引發施事者偵測。[9]不過有研究就有唔同嘅結論。[10]
文化因素
[編輯]宗教相關
[編輯]施事者偵測好多時會用咗嚟解釋點解人會信有上帝同其它超自然現象,相關討論成為宗教認知科學(cognitive science of religion)嘅主要課題。
其它
[編輯]陰謀論
[編輯]參考
[編輯]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Barrett, J. L.; Lanman, J. A. (2008). "The science of religious beliefs". Religion (英文). 38 (2): 109–124. doi:10.1016/j.religion.2008.01.007. ISSN 0048-721X.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guthrie, S. E.; Guthrie, S. (1995). Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion (英文). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509891-4.
- ↑ Boyer, P.; Bergstrom, B. (2008). "Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion". Annual Review of Anthropology (英文). 37 (1): 111–130. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085201. ISSN 0084-6570. 原著喺2021年3月8號歸檔. 喺2021年7月8號搵到.
- ↑ Haselton, M. G.; Nettle, D. (2006). "The Paranoid Optimist: An Integrative Evolutionary Model of Cognitive Biases". Personality and Social Psychology Review (英文). 10 (1): 47–66. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_3. ISSN 1088-8683.
- ↑ Johnson, D. D.; Blumstein, D. T.; Fowler, J. H.; Haselton, M. G. (2013). "The evolution of error: error management, cognitive constraints, and adaptive decision-making biases". Trends in Ecology & Evolution (英文). 28 (8): 474–481. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.014. ISSN 0169-5347.
- ↑ Guthrie, S.; Agassi, J.; Andriolo, K. R.; Buchdahl, D.; Earhart, H. B.; Greenberg, M.; Jarvie, I.; Saler, B.; Saliba, J.; Sharpe, K. J.; Tissot, G. (1980). "A Cognitive Theory of Religion [and Comments and Reply]". Current Anthropology. 21 (2): 181–203. doi:10.1086/202429. ISSN 0011-3204.
- ↑ Guthrie, S. E. (1997). "Anthropomorphism: A definition and a theory". psycnet.apa.org (英文). 喺2021-07-08搵到.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Barrett, J. L. (2000). "Exploring the natural foundations of religion". Trends in Cognitive Sciences (英文). 4 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01419-9. ISSN 1364-6613.
- ↑ Valdesolo, P.; Graham, J. (2014). "Awe, Uncertainty, and Agency Detection". Psychological Science (英文). 25 (1): 170–178. doi:10.1177/0956797613501884. ISSN 0956-7976.
- ↑ Maij, D. L.; Van Schie, H.T.; Van Elk, M. (2019). "The boundary conditions of the hypersensitive agency detection device: an empirical investigation of agency detection in threatening situations". Religion, Brain & Behavior. 9 (1): 23–51. doi:10.1080/2153599X.2017.1362662. ISSN 2153-599X.
- ↑ Andersen, M. (2019). "Predictive coding in agency detection". Religion, Brain & Behavior. 9 (1): 65–84. doi:10.1080/2153599X.2017.1387170. ISSN 2153-599X.
- ↑ Van Elk, M.; Rutjens, B. T.; van der Pligt, J.; Van Harreveld, F. (2016). "Priming of supernatural agent concepts and agency detection". Religion, Brain & Behavior. 6 (1): 4–33. doi:10.1080/2153599X.2014.933444. ISSN 2153-599X.
- ↑ Van Der Tempel, J.; Alcock, J. E. (2015). "Relationships between conspiracy mentality, hyperactive agency detection, and schizotypy: Supernatural forces at work?". Personality and Individual Differences (英文). 82: 136–141. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.010. ISSN 0191-8869.
- ↑ Douglas, K. M.; Sutton, R. M.; Callan, M. J.; Dawtry, R. J.; Harvey, A. J. (2016). "Someone is pulling the strings: hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories". Thinking & Reasoning. 22 (1): 57–77. doi:10.1080/13546783.2015.1051586. ISSN 1354-6783.