毛茛屬

毛茛屬，草木一類，生物學一屬，開花植物來嘅，歸毛茛目毛茛科，分子分析後，歸毛茛亞科毛茛族。一般叫毛茛或金鳳花。佢稱得上大家族，有過千七物種^[1]^[2]，包括毛茛、矛葉毛茛、水毛茛。現今知佢唔屬單系，屬有必要分割，不過就未有公認分法。

分佈全球，主要喺溫帶同山地^[2]。北歐花園常見而廣泛有匍匐毛茛，根系韌而頑強。球根毛茛同高大草地毛茛，喺觀賞花園中視為雜草。

通常春季開花，但喺某啲情況下，成個夏季見佢開花。

水毛茛有時分開做子屬水毛茛屬，或獨立一屬，生喺靜水流水。葉型多樣，水下絲狀葉，水面寬浮葉。某啲物種，好似水生毛茛，重有第三種中間型葉。

名

拉丁學名Ranunculus^[3]意思細蛙，源自 rana 蛙縮小形式^[4]。。皆因佢中意生喺潮濕地、水邊、沼澤咁，同蛙好似^[5]。

毛茛英文常見名buttercup，意思牛油杯。可能源自誤解。曾以為呢種植物，會令牛油有黃。實際上，對牛對牲畜，毛茛有毒。

英國細蚊咁玩，係將毛茛花放喺下巴底，下巴見黃光表，就話佢中意牛油^[6]。

古羅馬，主人喺奴隸頭皮紋身。而奴隸會試圖用某種毛茛用去除^[7]。

分佈

南北半球都有，唔計南極洲，遍及所有大陸，主要生喺溫帶、山地。

毛茛屬起源於歐亞大陸北部，喺晚始新世到漸新世之間，之後迅速演化分化，即輻射演化，擴散到全球各地^[8]^[9]。

雖然現今南極洲無毛茛，不過有佢化石，上新世中晚期之前，曾經生喺南極洲。當時冰川正速速改變當地地貌，佢哋曾經生長過^[10]。

化石

德國中部有上新世種子化石，出自蓋倫毛茛、塔奈毛茛^[11]。中國橫斷山脈上新世地層中，疑似橘郎毛茛瘦果^[12]。南極橫貫山脈新近紀地層中，發現了未確定種類毛茛屬瘦果化石，可能生喺近冰川^[10]。可能最古老毛茛化石，來自美國哥羅拉多州晚始新世地層^[13]。

描述

植物

多數係多年生，偶有一年生二年生，草本，水生陸生植物，通常葉莖基部長出葉簇，成玫瑰形葉簇。好多多年生物種入面，會伸出匍匐莖，節點處生出新植物，會發育出自己根系、葉簇。

葉

葉無托葉，有葉柄、掌狀脈、邊完整、裂開。水生物種，可能變到非常細長、線狀。

花

花雌雄同體兩性花，可以單生，或者聚繖花序。

花萼五片，有時少到三片，或者多到七片。花瓣五片，黃、黃中帶綠、白，有時帶少少色、紫、粉紅暈染。但係，可能無花瓣，數量唔同，有時會多好多。

花瓣底部有蜜腺，裸露無遮掩，或者有塊鱗片冚住。

通常好多雄蕊，但可以好少，螺旋形排列。花藥多數黃、有時白，花粉都黃。

多數好多雌蕊，有時少，綠或黃，彼此間分離唔融合，同樣螺旋形排列。大多數生喺花托，球形、半球形。

反光花瓣

毛茛花瓣好有光澤，特別黃色種。源於特殊着色機制，花瓣上表面非常光滑，有鏡面反射效果^[14]^[15]。閃光效果有助於吸引傳粉昆蟲，同時有助調節花溫^[14]。

英國民間傳說中，如果將毛茛花放喺下巴底，見到下巴有黃光就示中意牛油^[16]^[17]^[18]。

果

果叫瘦果，有好多唔同形態，呈光滑或有毛，可以有翅狀結構、凸起粒狀即小疣、帶有鉤狀刺^[19]。

分屬

分子研究得出呢屬並非單系羣，即係話佢啲物種，喺演化關係上，有啲無源自共同祖先，咁相對於同科入面其他已確認屬，

因此，二〇一〇年提出分類方案，建議將佢拆成幾個獨立屬，屬於毛茛族^[20]。

不過，並唔係所有分類學家都接受呢種分法。

藥理

毛茛屬植物喺傳統醫學中、有抗風濕藥、發紅劑、治間歇發燒。發現嘅化學成分有原白頭翁素、白頭翁素。咁解釋到亞洲傳統醫學，用佢解發燒、風濕、發紅劑^[21]。部份植物有毒。

毒

毛茛屬植物新鮮食有毒嘅。不過，味道辛辣刺激，令口腔起水泡，一般動物唔會食。但係，過度放牧唔夠草，毛茛又生得好多，牲畜無得揀而食咗，因而中毒。中毒症狀有，血性腹瀉、大量流口水、腸絞痛即肚痛，口腔、黏膜、腸胃道嚴重起水泡。人手模毛茛植物，毛茛苷會分解成原白頭翁素，引起接觸性皮膚炎，所以模得多要小心^[22]。乾燥過程中會分解毒素，乾草有毛莨都安全嘅^[23]。

物種

物種繁多，後面有部份物種。

Ranunculus acraeus Heenan & P.J.Lockh., 2006，一種在新西蘭新發現的毛茛
草甸毛茛 Ranunculus acris
阿爾卑斯毛莨 Ranunculus alpestris
小水毛茛 Ranunculus aquatilis L.
田野毛茛 Ranunculus arvensis
花毛茛 Ranunculus asiaticus 陸蓮花
狀毛茛 Ranunculus auricomus
球根毛茛 Ranunculus bulbosus
Ranunculus californicus
扭曲毛茛 Ranunculus cassubicus
鹼毛茛 Ranunculus cymbalaria
高山毛茛 Ranunculus eschscholtzii
榕葉毛茛 Ranunculus ficaria
松葉毛茛 Ranunculus flammula
浮葉毛茛 Ranunculus fluitans
深山毛茛 Ranunculus franchetii
Ranunculus glaberrimus
冰川毛茛 Ranunculus glacialis
剛毛毛茛 Ranunculus hispidus
毛茛 Ranunculus japonicus
雞冠山毛茛 Ranunculus jiguanshanicus W.Q.Fei, Q.Yuan & Q.E.Yang（四川）
Ranunculus jovis A.Nelson, 1900，"'Ranunculus digitatus Hook.異名
Ranunculus kadzusensis Makino, 1929
北歐毛茛 Ranunculus lapponicus Soleirol ex Nyman, 1878，Ranunculus demissus DC.異名
長葉毛茛 Ranunculus lingua
水毛茛 Ranunculus longirostris
欒川毛茛 Ranunculus luanchuanensis W.Q.Fei, Q.Yuan & Q.E.Yang, 2023（河南）
Ranunculus lyallii Hook.fil., 1864
茂縣毛茛 Ranunculus maoxianensis W.Q.Fei, Q.Yuan & Q.E.Yang，2023
Ranunculus occidentalis
池生毛茛 Ranunculus peltatus Moench, 1794，为Ranunculus aquatilis L.的异名
大花白毛茛 Ranunculus platanifolius
侏儒毛茛 Ranunculus pygmaeus
匍枝毛茛 Ranunculus repens
歐毛茛 Ranunculus sardous
石龍芮 Ranunculus sceleratus
沼澤毛茛 Ranunculus septentrionalis
揚子毛茛 Ranunculus sieboldii ^[24]
刺果毛茛 Ranunculus testiculatus
Ranunculus tojibaevii Schegol. & Turginov, 2022^[25]
Ranunculus thora L., 1753

攷

↑ "Ranunculus L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online (英文). 喺2026-05-04搵到.
1 2 "Ranunculus L."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
↑ {{cite encyclopedia}}: Empty citation (help)
↑ Lehnebach, C.A. (2008), Phylogenetic Affinities, Species Delimitation and Adaptive Radiation of New Zealand Ranunculus, Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University, 喺2024-06-26搵到
↑ Edsall, Marian S. (1985). Roadside Plants and Flowers: A Traveler's Guide to the Midwest and Great Lakes Area: With a Few Familiar Off-Road Wildflowers. North Coast Books. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-09704-8.
↑ Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A corpus of inscriptions: Representing slave marks in antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55: 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689.
↑ Emadzade, Khatere; Gehrke, Berit; Peter Linder, H.; Hörandl, Elvira (2011). "The biogeographical history of the cosmopolitan genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) in the temperate to meridional zones". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (1): 4–21. Bibcode:2011MolPE..58....4E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.002. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21078403.
↑ "Ranunculales". www.mobot.org. 喺2024-03-26搵到.
1 2 Ashworth, A; Cantrill, D (2004-10-07). "Neogene vegetation of the Meyer Desert Formation (Sirius Group) Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (英文). 213 (1–2): 65–82. Bibcode:2004PPP...213...65A. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(04)00359-1.
↑ Mai, Dieter Hans (2007). "The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhön mountains (Germany)". 47 (1): 135–143. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Huang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hai; Su, Tao; Spicer, Robert A.; Hu, Jin-Jin; Jia, Lin-Bo; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (September 2022). "Rise of herbaceous diversity at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: First insight from fossils". Journal of Systematics and Evolution (英文). 60 (5): 1109–1123. Bibcode:2022JSyEv..60.1109H. doi:10.1111/jse.12755. ISSN 1674-4918.
↑ Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922). "A Fossil Buttercup". Nature (英文). 109 (2724): 42–43. Bibcode:1922Natur.109...42C. doi:10.1038/109042b0. ISSN 1476-4687.
1 2 Van der Kooi, Casper; Elzenga, Theo; Dijksterhuis, Jan; Stavenga, Doekele (2017). "Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 14 (127): 20160933. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0933. PMC 5332578. PMID 28228540.
↑ "Buttercups focus light to heat their flowers and attract insects". 25 February 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Simons, Paul (2017-05-14). "Secrets of the shiny yellow buttercup". The Guardian (英國英文). ISSN 0261-3077. 喺2025-05-24搵到.
↑ Scorah, Eleanor (2018-06-10). "#188: The Buttercup". Objects (英文). 喺2025-05-24搵到.
↑ "Why buttercups reflect yellow on chins | University of Cambridge". www.cam.ac.uk (英文). 2011-12-14. 喺2025-05-24搵到.
↑ Lehnebach, C.A. (2008), Phylogenetic Affinities, Species Delimitation and Adaptive Radiation of New Zealand Ranunculus, Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University, 喺2024-06-26搵到
↑ Emadzade, K.; Lehnebach, C.; Lockhart, P.; Hörandl, E. (2010). "A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae)". Taxon. 59 (3): 809–828. Bibcode:2010Taxon..59..809E. doi:10.1002/tax.593011.
↑ Aslam, M.S.; Choudhari, B.S.; Uzair, M.; Ijaz, A.S. (2012). "The genus Ranunculus: A phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review". International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4 (5): 15–22.
↑ "Ranunculus". Botanical Dermatology Database. 喺October 18, 2013搵到.
↑ Bateman, Stephanie (May 25, 2021). "Are buttercups poisonous to horses? We ask the experts..." Horse & Hound. 喺March 24, 2022搵到.
↑ "Evaluation of antiviral activity of compounds isolated from Ranunculus sieboldii and Ranunculus sceleratus". NIH. 原著喺2023-04-17歸檔. 喺2023-04-12搵到. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
↑ Shchegoleva, Natalia, V,Nikitina, Elena, V,Juramurodov, Inom J.,et al. A new species of Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) from Western Pamir-Alay, Uzbekistan[J]. PHYTOKEYS,2022(193):125-139.

[1] "Ranunculus L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online (英文). 喺2026-05-04搵到.

[:0-2] 1 2 "Ranunculus L."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[3] Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.

[4] {{cite encyclopedia}}: Empty citation (help)

[Lehnebach2-5] Lehnebach, C.A. (2008), Phylogenetic Affinities, Species Delimitation and Adaptive Radiation of New Zealand Ranunculus, Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University, 喺2024-06-26搵到

[6] Edsall, Marian S. (1985). Roadside Plants and Flowers: A Traveler's Guide to the Midwest and Great Lakes Area: With a Few Familiar Off-Road Wildflowers. North Coast Books. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-09704-8.

[7] Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A corpus of inscriptions: Representing slave marks in antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55: 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689.

[8] Emadzade, Khatere; Gehrke, Berit; Peter Linder, H.; Hörandl, Elvira (2011). "The biogeographical history of the cosmopolitan genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) in the temperate to meridional zones". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (1): 4–21. Bibcode:2011MolPE..58....4E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.002. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21078403.

[9] "Ranunculales". www.mobot.org. 喺2024-03-26搵到.

[Ashworth-2004-10] 1 2 Ashworth, A; Cantrill, D (2004-10-07). "Neogene vegetation of the Meyer Desert Formation (Sirius Group) Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (英文). 213 (1–2): 65–82. Bibcode:2004PPP...213...65A. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(04)00359-1.

[11] Mai, Dieter Hans (2007). "The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhön mountains (Germany)". 47 (1): 135–143. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[12] Huang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hai; Su, Tao; Spicer, Robert A.; Hu, Jin-Jin; Jia, Lin-Bo; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (September 2022). "Rise of herbaceous diversity at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: First insight from fossils". Journal of Systematics and Evolution (英文). 60 (5): 1109–1123. Bibcode:2022JSyEv..60.1109H. doi:10.1111/jse.12755. ISSN 1674-4918.

[13] Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922). "A Fossil Buttercup". Nature (英文). 109 (2724): 42–43. Bibcode:1922Natur.109...42C. doi:10.1038/109042b0. ISSN 1476-4687.

[kooi-14] 1 2 Van der Kooi, Casper; Elzenga, Theo; Dijksterhuis, Jan; Stavenga, Doekele (2017). "Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 14 (127): 20160933. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0933. PMC 5332578. PMID 28228540.

[15] "Buttercups focus light to heat their flowers and attract insects". 25 February 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[16] Simons, Paul (2017-05-14). "Secrets of the shiny yellow buttercup". The Guardian (英國英文). ISSN 0261-3077. 喺2025-05-24搵到.

[17] Scorah, Eleanor (2018-06-10). "#188: The Buttercup". Objects (英文). 喺2025-05-24搵到.

[18] "Why buttercups reflect yellow on chins | University of Cambridge". www.cam.ac.uk (英文). 2011-12-14. 喺2025-05-24搵到.

[Lehnebach-19] Lehnebach, C.A. (2008), Phylogenetic Affinities, Species Delimitation and Adaptive Radiation of New Zealand Ranunculus, Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University, 喺2024-06-26搵到

[20] Emadzade, K.; Lehnebach, C.; Lockhart, P.; Hörandl, E. (2010). "A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae)". Taxon. 59 (3): 809–828. Bibcode:2010Taxon..59..809E. doi:10.1002/tax.593011.

[21] Aslam, M.S.; Choudhari, B.S.; Uzair, M.; Ijaz, A.S. (2012). "The genus Ranunculus: A phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review". International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4 (5): 15–22.

[BoDD-22] "Ranunculus". Botanical Dermatology Database. 喺October 18, 2013搵到.

[23] Bateman, Stephanie (May 25, 2021). "Are buttercups poisonous to horses? We ask the experts..." Horse & Hound. 喺March 24, 2022搵到.

[24] "Evaluation of antiviral activity of compounds isolated from Ranunculus sieboldii and Ranunculus sceleratus". NIH. 原著喺2023-04-17歸檔. 喺2023-04-12搵到. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[25] Shchegoleva, Natalia, V,Nikitina, Elena, V,Juramurodov, Inom J.,et al. A new species of Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) from Western Pamir-Alay, Uzbekistan[J]. PHYTOKEYS,2022(193):125-139.

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