Relexification
Relexification係語言學入面一種語言變化嘅機制，借由佢，一種語言改變咗好多或者全部嘅詞彙，包括基本詞彙，變到同另一種語言嘅詞彙一樣，之但係冇徹底改變到隻語言着relexified嘅嘅語法。隻術語主要用嚟描述洋涇浜、歸融話與及混合語言。[1][2][3]
Relexification嘸係同義詞戥「借用詞彙」，後者嘅話一種語言只會用啲詞嚟做補充畀佢嘅基本詞彙，啲借跟另一種語言入嘅。
Relexification假說戥創造語言
[編輯]Relexification係一種形式畀干涉語言，其中某種洋涇浜、歸融話或者混合語言幾乎所有詞彙都係跟某隻上層語言或者目標語言裏頭攞，而語法跟底層語言或者源語言來，或者，根據普遍語法理論，誕生跟啲普遍原則即簡化戥語法化來。隻語言，從中推演出啲詞彙嘅，喊做「lexifier」。[4] Michif、 Media Lengua同埋Lanc-Patuá creole即係一尐受過relexification而出現嘅混合語言。[5]
有一種假設講，所有啲creole語言嘅語法都係推跟中世紀隻地中海通用語出，隻講法喺1950年代後期到1960年代初仲得到廣泛接受，但孻尾冇再受歡迎。跟尾，有人認為，比如講，因為海地Creole佮Fon話之間啲潛在相似性，語法畀海地Creole係一種語言底層，種喺啲講Fon話嘅非洲奴隸relexify佢哋自己語言藉由法語詞彙陣時着創造出嘅。但係，啲支持生成語法嘅人有爭議畀relexification喺誕生歸融話隻過程中嘅角色。例如，Wittmann (1994)、Wittmann & Fournier (1996)、Singler (1996)、DeGraff (2002)，認為句法啲相似性反映出嘅係假設到嘅普遍語法，而嘸係relexification過程。
習得二語
[編輯]自發噉習得第二語言（以及洋涇浜嘅起源）涉及逐漸嘅relexification畀原生語言或者源語言，藉由目標語言嘅詞彙。Relexification完成之後，母語結構戥啲獲得跟目標語言來嘅結構交替出現。[6]
人工話戥行話
[編輯]喺人工語言、行話、黑話語境，隻term着應用到隻過程係創造一隻語言係藉由捉新詞彙替換落現有語言嘅語法去嘅，隻語言通常係母語。[7]
雖然種做法通常出跟啲新仔啲設計人工語言嘅嘅手，但都可以作為初步階段畀創造啲語言係複雜多尐嘅。噉樣創造嘅語言喊做relex。譬如，Lojban初初衹係一隻relex畀Loglan，但係兩隻語言嘅語法跟嗰陣開始已經有分椏。[8]同樣嘅過程都發生喺隻起源過程畀行話、黑話嘅，比如：
睇埋
[編輯]考
[編輯]- ↑ Matthews (2007:343)
- ↑ Campbell & Mixco (2007:170)
- ↑ Crystal (2008:412)
- ↑ Wardhaugh (2002:76)
- ↑ Bakker (1997), Muysken (1981), Wittmann (1994)
- ↑ Bickerton & Odo (1976)
- ↑ Wittmann (1989, 1994).
- ↑ Section on the term "relex" in the Conlang Wikibook
- ↑ Gamella, Juan F.; Fernández, Cayetano; Adiego, Ignasi-Xavier (June 2015). "The long agony of Hispanoromani. The remains of Caló in the speech of Spanish Gitanos". Romani Studies (英文). 25 (1): 53–93. doi:10.3828/rs.2015.3. ISSN 1528-0748.
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參考書目
[編輯]- Bakker, Peter (1997), A Language of Our Own, New York: Oxford University Press
- Bickerton, Derek; Odo, Carol (1976), General phonology and pidgin syntax, Change and variation in Hawaiian English,第1卷, University of Hawaii
- Campbell, Lyle; Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007), A Glossary of Historical Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, p. 170, ISBN 978-0-7486-2379-2
- Crystal, David (2008), A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (PDF), The Language Library (第6版), Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, p. 412, ISBN 978-1-4051-5296-9, LCCN 2007-52260, OCLC 317317506, 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺29 March 2016
- Danchev, Andrei (1997), "The Middle English creolization hypothesis revisited", 出自 Fisiak, Jacek (編), Studies in Middle English Linguistics, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM], De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 79–108, doi:10.1515/9783110814194.79, ISBN 978-3-11-081419-4, OCLC 203288487
- DeGraff, Michel (2002), "Relexification: A reevaluation" (PDF), Anthropological Linguistics, 44 (4): 321–414
- Joyce, James (1916), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, New York: The Modern Library
- Matthews, P. H. (2007) [1st pub. 1997], "'Relexification'", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics, Oxford Paperback Reference (第2版), Oxford University Press, p. 343, ISBN 978-0-19-920272-0, LCCN 2007-34904, OCLC 4811330769, OL 2654835W
- Muysken, Pieter (1981), "Halfway between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification", 出自 Highfield, Arnold; Valdman, Albert (編), Historicity and variation in creole studies, Ann Arbor: Karoma, pp. 52–78
- Singler, John Victor (1996), "Theories of creole genesis, sociohistorical considerations, and the evaluation of evidence: The case of Haitian Creole and the Relexification Hypothesis", Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 11 (2): 185–230, doi:10.1075/jpcl.11.2.02sin
- Wardhaugh, Ronald (2002), "Pidgins and Creoles", An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (第fourth版), Blackwell Publishing, pp. 57–86
- Wittmann, Henri (1989), "Relexification et argogenèse," Communication, 1er Colloque international d’argotologie, Université de Besançon, Oct. 13-1, 1989
- Wittmann, Henri (1994), "Relexification et créologenèse" (PDF), Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists, Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval, 15 (4): 335–38
- Wittmann, Henri; Fournier, Robert (1996), "Contraintes sur la relexification: les limites imposées dans un cadre théorique minimaliste" (PDF), 出自 Fournier, Robert (編), Mélanges linguistiques (法文), Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 245–280
讀埋
[編輯]- Arends, Jacques, Pieter Muysken & Norval Smith. 1995. Pidgins and Creoles: a introduction. Amsterdam: Benjamin.
- Sebba, Mark. 1997. 接觸語言:Pidgins and Creoles. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press.
- Speer, Rob; Havasi, Catherine (2004), Meeting the Computer Halfway: Language Processing in the Artificial Language Lojban (PDF), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 原著 (PDF)喺23 October 2014歸檔
連出去
[編輯]- Learning materials related to Psycholinguistics/Pidgins, Creoles, and Home Sign#The Relexification Hypothesis at Wikiversity