國際社會

出自維基百科,自由嘅百科全書

國際社會係一個地緣政治國際關係嘅術語,嚟指世界上廣泛嘅人民同政府[1]

用法[編輯]

除咗字面意思之外[2],呢個概念通常暗示對某啲事上嘅國際共識,例如人權問題[3][4]。有時候,呢個詞會用嚟呼籲人民去抗衡某種勢力[5],例如針對一個國家入面嘅政治打壓。呢個詞亦都用嚟暗示對一件事上面嘅合理性同一個已經有共識嘅觀點[4][6],例如維持聯合國大會投票結果嘅公信力[3][7]

批評[編輯]

有唔少法律領袖同作家都表示,呢個詞有時指嘅只係某一小部分國家嘅睇法,而唔係真係世界上嘅全部國家[1][3][8]

根據國際刑事法院法學家 Victor Tsilonis,所謂嘅國際社會其實只係代表咗“7-10個最強大嘅國家嘅利益”[8],而國際海洋法法院主席同另外兩位作者認爲,國際社會指嘅係“大約20個有錢國家”[3]華威大學英文University of Warwick教授 Peter Burnell 就認爲,世界上一啲都幾有影響力嘅國家,例如中國俄羅斯阿拉伯國家等等,往往同所謂國際社會嘅意見有分歧,包括喺聯合國安理會投棄權票嘅情況[1]

美國哲學家杭士基表示,呢個概念只能夠代表美國同盟國嘅睇法[9][10][11]。英國記者 Martin Jacques 認爲:“我哋都知道‘國際社會’係代表啲乜,其實淨係西方世界咁大把。用呢個字眼純碎係想將西方國家世界化同尊嚴化,令任何事變得更加中立或者高等”[12]。根據美國政治學家 Samuel Huntington,國際社會係代替咗冷戰時期所用嘅“自由世界”概念[13]

睇埋[編輯]

[編輯]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Burnell, Peter (2013-10-23). Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization (英文). Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-135-30954-1.
  2. Pisillo Mazzeschi, Riccardo (30 September 2021), "Collective Human Rights and Political Objectives of the International Community", International Human Rights Law: Theory and Practice (英文), Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 473–501, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77032-7_25, ISBN 978-3-030-77032-7
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Paik, Jin-Hyun; Lee, Seok-Woo; Tan, Kevin (2013). Asian Approaches to International Law and the Legacy of Colonialism: The Law of the Sea, Territorial Disputes and International Dispute Settlement (英文). Routledge. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-415-67978-7.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Veit, Alex (2010-10-04). Intervention as Indirect Rule: Civil War and Statebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo (英文). Campus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-593-39311-7.
  5. Byers, Michael; Nolte, Georg (2003-05-29). United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law (英文). Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9781139436632.
  6. Travouillon, Katrin; Bernath, Julie (December 2020). "Time to break up with the international community? Rhetoric and realities of a political myth in Cambodia". Review of International Studies (英文). Cambridge University Press. 47 (2): 231–250. doi:10.1017/S026021052000042X. ISSN 0260-2105. S2CID 230578572.
  7. Danilenko, Gennadiĭ Mikhaĭlovich (1993-01-01). Law-Making in the International Community (英文). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 204. ISBN 0792320395.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Tsilonis, Victor (2019-11-23). The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (英文). Springer Nature. pp. 7, 23, 173. ISBN 978-3-030-21526-2.
  9. "The Crimes of 'Intcom'".
  10. Jones, Katrina (2012-06-13). "Israel, US violators of international law, says Noam Chomsky". The News Tribe (美國英文). 原著喺2022-01-01歸檔. 喺2021-08-16搵到.
  11. "Noam Chomsky on Iran | Satellite Magazine". satellitemagazine.ca. June 2012. 原著喺2013-11-14歸檔. 喺2021-08-16搵到.
  12. Jacques, Martin (2006-08-24). "What the hell is the international community?". the Guardian (英文). 喺2021-08-16搵到.
  13. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations, 72 Foreign Aff. 22 (1992–1993)