巴基斯坦統一民族運動黨

巴基斯坦統一民族運動黨
主席	Altaf Hussain
召集人	Mustafa Azizabadi
成立	1984年3月16號
解散	仲未
官方色彩
總部	英國倫敦; 巴基斯坦卡拉奇; (2016年前)
黨員
色	紅色; 　綠色; 　白色
網	www.mqm.org

巴基斯坦統一民族運動黨 (烏都文：متحدہ قومی موومنٹ ) 係巴基斯坦嘅一個中間偏左嘅政黨，由 Altaf Hussain 喺1984年創辦^[5]^[6]。呢個黨依家有兩個主要分支，一個喺倫敦，另一個喺卡拉奇。佢嘅象徵係一個風箏。

歷史[編輯]

呢個黨嘅前身係喺1978年成立嘅學生組織 “All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization”(APMSO)，主要代表巴基斯坦嘅穆哈吉爾人（英文：Muhajirs），到1984年就再創埋黨。到1997年，個黨由穆哈吉爾嘅字眼改做統一，嚟更加全國化。呢個黨歷史上嘅票倉嚟自卡拉奇，係城市做有影響力嘅政黨^[7]^[8]。

呢個黨自從1980年代做過唔少次執政聯盟黨之一，包括 1988–1990、1990–1992、 2002–2007、同埋 2008–2013^[9]。不過，個黨喺2015年因為對抗政府嘅支持者嘅壓迫而大型辭職^[10]。

喺2016年8月，喺主席 Altaf Hussain 嘅一次演講之後，個黨畀軍隊充公，無論係總部、主要黨員、定係大部分議員都通通剷走哂^[11]。

攷[編輯]

↑ "WILL THE REAL MQM PLEASE STAND UP?". Dawn (newspaper). 10 December 2023. 喺30 January 2024搵到.
↑ "Explainer: Pakistan's main political parties". Aljazeera.com. 6 May 2013.
↑ Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012), The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir ethnic movements, Routledge, p. 116
↑ Talbot, Ian (2002), "The Punjabization of Pakistan: Myth or Reality", Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation?, Zed Books, p. 65
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Cohen, Stephen P. (2011), "Pakistan: Arrival and Departure", The future of Pakistan, The Brookings Institution, p. 22, The avowedly secular Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)...
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Lyon, Peter (2008), "Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz", Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 115, Despite its ethnic-based politics, the MQM claims to be the only significant political force in Pakistan to stand up openly for secular values.
↑ Web Desk (April 26, 2013). "Second MQM strike halts activity in Karachi". Express Tribune. 喺29 April 2013搵到.
↑ Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Mike Enskat; Clemens Spiess (2004). Political parties in South Asia (第illustrated版). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 366. ISBN 0-275-96832-4.
↑ "UK envoy adds new dimension to Altaf controversy". The News. 16 May 2013.
↑ "Pakistan MQM party quits parliament 'over crackdown'". BBC. 12 August 2015.
↑ "MQM London dismisses Farooq Sattar from party's primary membership — Pakistan — Dunya News". dunyanews.tv. 喺2016-10-14搵到.

[dawn-1] "WILL THE REAL MQM PLEASE STAND UP?". Dawn (newspaper). 10 December 2023. 喺30 January 2024搵到.

[2] "Explainer: Pakistan's main political parties". Aljazeera.com. 6 May 2013.

[3] Siddiqi, Farhan Hanif (2012), The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir ethnic movements, Routledge, p. 116

[4] Talbot, Ian (2002), "The Punjabization of Pakistan: Myth or Reality", Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation?, Zed Books, p. 65

[sec1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Cohen, Stephen P. (2011), "Pakistan: Arrival and Departure", The future of Pakistan, The Brookings Institution, p. 22, The avowedly secular Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)...

[sec2-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Lyon, Peter (2008), "Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz", Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 115, Despite its ethnic-based politics, the MQM claims to be the only significant political force in Pakistan to stand up openly for secular values.

[7] Web Desk (April 26, 2013). "Second MQM strike halts activity in Karachi". Express Tribune. 喺29 April 2013搵到.

[8] Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Mike Enskat; Clemens Spiess (2004). Political parties in South Asia (第illustrated版). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 366. ISBN 0-275-96832-4.

[9] "UK envoy adds new dimension to Altaf controversy". The News. 16 May 2013.

[10] "Pakistan MQM party quits parliament 'over crackdown'". BBC. 12 August 2015.

[11] "MQM London dismisses Farooq Sattar from party's primary membership — Pakistan — Dunya News". dunyanews.tv. 喺2016-10-14搵到.

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