民主化

民主化係一個政治上嘅轉變，代表一個國家越嚟越套用一個民主制度^[1]^[2]。

對於民主化嘅嚟源，好多唔同嘅學家都有唔同嘅理論，有啲著重社會基層嘅動力，而其他就認為係主要嚟自上層階級。對於原因，就可以主要分做經濟發展、文化影響、歷史環境、同埋國際壓力^[3]。

有學家認為一個國家民主化可以解釋到其他因素，包括經濟發展嘅程度同埋會唔會打仗^[4]。

民主化嘅特徵，一般都係做選舉改革，擴大選舉權、同埋鼓勵公民參與社會。

民主潮

一次民主潮係當一個國家嘅民主化帶動咗其他國家跟住尾，造成一堆國家一齊民主化。根據學家 Samuel P. Huntington，世界喺呢100年以嚟，總共發生過3次^[5]：

第一潮 (1828–1926)：西歐同北美地區民主化
第二潮 (1943–1962)：喺去殖民化期間，亞洲同非洲嘅部分國家民主化
第三潮 (1974–依家)：東歐同拉丁美洲民主化

呢個民主潮嘅概念，已經受過唔少學家嘅討論同埋爭議^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]。

根據學家 Seva Gunitsky，由18世紀到依家，總共發生過13次民主潮，包括最近期嘅阿拉伯之春^[8]。

根據 V-Dem 嘅報告，佢哋發現有9個國家獨立咁做緊民主化，同時亦有9個國家喺民主上撤退緊^[10]。

睇埋

攷

↑ Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions". The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1. ISBN 978-3-319-74336-3. S2CID 240235199.
↑ Lindenfors, Patrik; Wilson, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020). "The Matthew effect in political science: head start and key reforms important for democratization". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 7 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00596-7.
↑ Schmitz, Hans Peter (2004). "Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization". International Studies Review. [International Studies Association, Wiley]. 6 (3): 403–426. doi:10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00423.x. ISSN 1521-9488. JSTOR 3699697.
↑ Bogaards, Matthijs (2010). "Measures of Democratization: From Degree to Type to War". Political Research Quarterly. [University of Utah, Sage Publications, Inc.] 63 (2): 475–488. doi:10.1177/1065912909358578. ISSN 1065-9129. JSTOR 20721505. S2CID 154168435.
↑ Huntington, Samuel P. (1991). Democratization in the Late 20th century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
↑ Renske Doorenspleet, "Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization." World Politics 52(3) 2000: 384–406.
↑ John Markoff, Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 2015.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Gunitsky, Seva (2018). "Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective" (PDF). Perspectives on Politics (英文). 16 (3): 634–651. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001044. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 149523316. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺Dec 26, 2022.
↑ Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2020). "Waves of autocratization and democratization: A critical note on conceptualization and measurement". Democratization. 27 (8): 1533–1542. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194. S2CID 225378571.
↑ Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy

[Arugay_2021_pp._1–7-1] Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions". The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1. ISBN 978-3-319-74336-3. S2CID 240235199.

[2] Lindenfors, Patrik; Wilson, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020). "The Matthew effect in political science: head start and key reforms important for democratization". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 7 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00596-7.

[Schmitz_2004_pp._403–426-3] Schmitz, Hans Peter (2004). "Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization". International Studies Review. [International Studies Association, Wiley]. 6 (3): 403–426. doi:10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00423.x. ISSN 1521-9488. JSTOR 3699697.

[Bogaards_2010_pp._475–488-4] Bogaards, Matthijs (2010). "Measures of Democratization: From Degree to Type to War". Political Research Quarterly. [University of Utah, Sage Publications, Inc.] 63 (2): 475–488. doi:10.1177/1065912909358578. ISSN 1065-9129. JSTOR 20721505. S2CID 154168435.

[huntington-5] Huntington, Samuel P. (1991). Democratization in the Late 20th century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

[6] Renske Doorenspleet, "Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization." World Politics 52(3) 2000: 384–406.

[:9-7] John Markoff, Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 2015.

[:02-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Gunitsky, Seva (2018). "Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective" (PDF). Perspectives on Politics (英文). 16 (3): 634–651. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001044. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 149523316. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺Dec 26, 2022.

[9] Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2020). "Waves of autocratization and democratization: A critical note on conceptualization and measurement". Democratization. 27 (8): 1533–1542. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194. S2CID 225378571.

[report-10] Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy

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