無國籍
| 無國籍人士 | |
|---|---|
| 總人口 | |
| 440萬 | |
| 分佈地區 | |
 孟加拉 | 952,300人注冊[1] |
 科特迪瓦 | 931,100人注冊[1] |
 緬甸 | 630,000人注冊[1] |
 泰國 | 574,200人注冊[1] |
無國籍係一個喺國際法嘅概念，代表一位冇一個國家承認佢為自己嘅公民嘅人[2]。有唔少無國籍嘅人亦同時係難民，但係唔一定係全部，因爲亦有唔少無國籍嘅人其實從來冇穿過國界[3]。截至2022年底，聯合國難民署估計世上有大約440萬位無國籍嘅人，比起之前一年數目高咗2%。
歷史上，自從有國嘅出現，就已經有無國籍人士，因爲喺古時候通常都係一種懲罰，例如驅逐出境。喺20世紀期間，有啲國家用剝奪國籍嚟實行種族歧視，例如納粹德國針對嘅猶太人。到二次大戰完咗之後，國際社會開始通過公約，避免出現無國籍嘅情況繼續出現。但係呢個到依家仍然係問題，例如緬甸政府唔容許羅興亞人成爲公民。
一位無國籍嘅人嘅身份，其實好視乎個國家對佢或者佢嘅民族嘅睇法，有啲係表明排除國籍，其他就比較隱秘。如果唔清楚，就可以用“Prima Facie”嘅概念嚟做證據，決定呢位或者呢班人係咪可以假定為無國籍[4]。
主要原因
[編輯]- 國籍法嘅衝突：通常係屬人主義同屬地主義之間嘅矛盾[5]
- 屬人主義嘅性別[6]或者種族歧視[7]
- 國家繼承期間失去咗國籍[8]
- 無國家民族：一個冇自己國家嘅民族
- 行政障礙 (例如冇印出世紙)
- 放棄國籍：當舊嘅國籍已經放棄咗，但係新嘅國籍未攞到，就會出現無國籍狀態
睇埋
[編輯]出面網頁
[編輯]
- 國際法
- Full Convention text of 1961 Convention
- Map showing State Parties to the Statelessness Conventions
- Council of Europe Convention on Reduction of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession
- UN Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期December 27, 2012，. (full text)
- International case law on statelessness
- dhakatribune The stateless bangalis of karachi
攷
[編輯]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Global Trends Report 2022" (PDF). UNHCR global.
- ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons: Implementation within the European Union Member States and Recommendations for Harmonisation". Refworld.
- ↑ Hovy, Bela (2011). Bhabha, Jacqueline (編). Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It. Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: MIT Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780262015271. 喺August 11, 2014搵到.
People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.
- ↑ "De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions". Open Society Foundations.
- ↑ "Statelessness". Forced Migration Review. Refugee Studies Centre.
- ↑ "Remarks on Statelessness and Gender Discrimination". US Department of State. 原著喺October 27, 2011歸檔.
- ↑ "Nationality and Statelessness: Handbook for Parliamentarians N° 22". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. July 2014. p. 30.
- ↑ "International Observatory on Statelessness". 原著喺October 7, 2019歸檔. 喺November 18, 2011搵到.
睇多啲
[編輯]- Bronwen Manby, Struggles for Citizenship in Africa, 2009
- Laura Bingham, Julia Harrington-Reddy and Sebastian Kohn, De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions, 2011
- Jay Milbrandt, Stateless, 2011
- Open Society Foundations and Refugees International, Without Citizenship: Statelessness, Discrimination, and Repression in Kuwait 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期March 9, 2012，., 2011
- Nationality and Statelessness: a Handbook for Parliamentarians. High Commissioner for Refugees, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2005
- Stateless Palestinians 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期January 24, 2014，.
- Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007
- Brad K. Blitz and Maureen Lynch. "Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期October 8, 2011，.."
- Siegelberg, Mira L. 2020. Statelessness: A Modern History. Harvard University Press.
- Somers, Margaret. 2008. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0
- Unravelling Anomaly. Detention, Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons. London: Equal Rights Trust, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9560717-3-6
- Stateless: The World's Most Invisible People 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期March 18, 2013，.. Reuters AlertNet, 2011
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2012 The State of the World's Refugees: In Search of Solidarity.