經濟制裁

經濟制裁 (英文：Economic sanctions) 係一種喺經濟上嘅懲罰，可以針對一個國家、組織、或者人^[1]^[2]。佢一般都係一種外交手法，就係用打擊經濟，嚟鼓勵或者避免一啲喺行為上嘅改變^[3]^[4]。

最普遍嘅制裁方法，會包括成立關稅、中斷貿易、凍結資產、限制旅遊、同埋禁運武器等等^[5]。

不過，至於經濟制裁有幾有效，就唔係個個都咁肯定，各有各睇法^[6]^[7]。

經濟制裁對人道主義嘅影響，一直都係好大嘅爭議^[8]。所以，自從1990年代開始，聯合國安理會一般通過嘅經濟制裁，主要都係針對某一組人，而唔係好似以前咁針對成個國家^[9]。

攷[編輯]

↑ Drezner, Daniel W. (2021). "The United States of Sanctions". Foreign Affairs (美國英文). ISSN 0015-7120.
↑ Biersteker, Thomas J.; Tourinho, Marcos; Eckert, Sue E. (2016), Tourinho, Marcos; Eckert, Sue E.; Biersteker, Thomas J. (編), "The effectiveness of United Nations targeted sanctions", Targeted Sanctions: The Impacts and Effectiveness of United Nations Action, Cambridge University Press, pp. 220–247, ISBN 978-1-107-13421-8
↑ Drezner, Daniel W. (2003). "The Hidden Hand of Economic Coercion". International Organization. 57 (3): 643–659. doi:10.1017/S0020818303573052. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 3594840. S2CID 154827129.
↑ Pape, Robert A. (1997). "Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work". International Security. 22 (2): 90–136. doi:10.2307/2539368. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 2539368.
↑ Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International Security. 44 (1): 42–79. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00351. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 198952367.
↑ Drezner, Daniel W. (2011). "Sanctions Sometimes Smart: Targeted Sanctions in Theory and Practice". International Studies Review. 13 (1): 96–108. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.01001.x. ISSN 1521-9488. JSTOR 23016144.
↑ Drezner, Daniel W. (2024). "Global Economic Sanctions". Annual Review of Political Science (英文). 27 (1). doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-032240. ISSN 1094-2939.
↑ Drezner, Daniel W. (2022). "How not to sanction" (PDF). International Affairs (英文). 98 (5): 1533–1552. doi:10.1093/ia/iiac065. ISSN 0020-5850. 原著喺2022-12-09歸檔.
↑ Giumelli, Francesco (November 2015). "Understanding United Nations targeted sanctions: an empirical analysis". International Affairs. 牛津大學出版社. 91 (6): 1351–1368. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12448.

[:1-1] Drezner, Daniel W. (2021). "The United States of Sanctions". Foreign Affairs (美國英文). ISSN 0015-7120.

[:4-2] Biersteker, Thomas J.; Tourinho, Marcos; Eckert, Sue E. (2016), Tourinho, Marcos; Eckert, Sue E.; Biersteker, Thomas J. (編), "The effectiveness of United Nations targeted sanctions", Targeted Sanctions: The Impacts and Effectiveness of United Nations Action, Cambridge University Press, pp. 220–247, ISBN 978-1-107-13421-8

[:5-3] Drezner, Daniel W. (2003). "The Hidden Hand of Economic Coercion". International Organization. 57 (3): 643–659. doi:10.1017/S0020818303573052. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 3594840. S2CID 154827129.

[:8-4] Pape, Robert A. (1997). "Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work". International Security. 22 (2): 90–136. doi:10.2307/2539368. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 2539368.

[5] Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International Security. 44 (1): 42–79. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00351. ISSN 0162-2889. S2CID 198952367.

[:9-6] Drezner, Daniel W. (2011). "Sanctions Sometimes Smart: Targeted Sanctions in Theory and Practice". International Studies Review. 13 (1): 96–108. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.01001.x. ISSN 1521-9488. JSTOR 23016144.

[:12-7] Drezner, Daniel W. (2024). "Global Economic Sanctions". Annual Review of Political Science (英文). 27 (1). doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-032240. ISSN 1094-2939.

[:10-8] Drezner, Daniel W. (2022). "How not to sanction" (PDF). International Affairs (英文). 98 (5): 1533–1552. doi:10.1093/ia/iiac065. ISSN 0020-5850. 原著喺2022-12-09歸檔.

[Giumelli_2015-9] Giumelli, Francesco (November 2015). "Understanding United Nations targeted sanctions: an empirical analysis". International Affairs. 牛津大學出版社. 91 (6): 1351–1368. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12448.

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