陽入對調
喺粵語音系同漢語音韻學入面,陽入對調係指將陽聲韻(鼻尾韻母,light rime)同入聲韻(塞尾韻母,checked rime)對調同交換讀嘅現象,而呢種情況喺粵語幾常見。呢兩種音節可以分爲三對同器官音韻組合(homorganic pairs):b/p雙脣音、n/t齒音同埋ŋ/k軟齶音。正正因爲所有入聲都係嚟自鼻音,由此可見佢哋之間係有密切嘅關係。
音韻學嘅改變
[編輯]除咗相似嘅音韻之外,同器官組合嘅兩個字好多時都有相似意思。喺呢啲組合,當兩個字嘅輔音同元音一樣,而一邊係鼻音韻尾,另一邊係入聲韻尾嗰陣,就會組成一對同器官音韻組合。其中有啲組合會揾到近義詞,就好似「
喺聲母方面,某啲組合會喺送氣聲母同埋不送氣聲母之間互換,例如「
各種理論
[編輯]大部分語言學家都認爲鼻音字普遍係本字而入聲字係口語變音[1],有啲就認爲有同等嘅詞語數量都係嚟自入聲字。無論如何,大部分人都覺得陽聲字嘅限制少過入聲字嘅限制[2]。
有其他語言學家覺得呢種組合喺東南亞同華南地區相當常見,例如苗語川黔滇次方言(Hmong)。Bernhard Karlgren(1934)以「word-family」代表一組喺上古漢語有相似發音同埋相關意思嘅詞語,論證其語態變化痕跡[3]。同時間Bauer發現呢個現象有機會係一個由古代遺留落嚟嘅詞彙衍生(word-derivation)系統,而詞根加上唔同類型嘅後綴(例如使役詞causative 同及物詞transitive)之後就會有唔同嘅意思[4]。
例子
[編輯]粵語詞彙入面大概有50對音韻組合係同器官嘅,例如:
陽聲韻 | 入聲韻 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
字 | 粤拼 | 官話解釋 | 英文解釋 | 字 | 粤拼 | 官話解釋 | 英文解釋 |
覽 | laam5 | look at | 𥅈 | laap3 | 瞥一眼 | glance at | |
揼 | dam3 | 輕微下垂 | to hang down, sag | 耷 | dap1 | 輕微下垂 | to hang down, droop |
冚 | kam2 | 蓋上 | to cover on top | 扱 | kap1 | 蓋上 | to cover on top |
吟 | ngam4 | 踅踅唸 | to grumble | 噏 | (ng)ap1 | 激動地踅踅唸 | to babble, gossip |
腌 | jim1 | to pickle in salt | 醃 | jip3 | to pickle in salt | ||
散 | saan3 | 散開 | to disperse, spread | 撒 | saat3 | to scatter, sow, spill | |
䟴 | (ng)an3 | 抖(腳) | to shake, jiggle | 卼 | ngat6 | 搖椅子 | to balance on the rear legs of a chair
and rock |
辨 | bin6 | to distinguish | 別 | bit6 | to identify | ||
掀 | kin2 | 揭 | to open up (book); remove | 揭 | kit3 | to open up (book); unveil | |
寬 | fun1 | spacious | 闊 | fut3 | wide | ||
掅 | cing3 | 吊起,提起 | to lift up (luggage) | 摵 | cik1 | 揪住 | to pull up (trousers) |
揈 | fing6 | 晃動 | to fling away; swing (a limb) | 扐 | fik6 | 晃動 | to fling away; swing (a flag) |
拎 | ning1 | 提起 | to carry by hand | 搦 | nik1 | 提起 | to carry by hand |
趟 | tong3 | to slide open (a door) | 托 | tok3 | to push up (a bar) | ||
啄 | doeng1 | to peck | 剁 | doek3 | to cut |
參考
[編輯]- ↑ Tsou, Benjamin. "Homorganic Nasal/Stop Alternations in Cantonese". University of Hong Kong.
- ↑ Zhan Bohui: 廣東粵方言概要 “(An Outline of Yue Dialects in Guangdong)”, Guangzhou: Jinan University Press, 2002, pp 19-20’
- ↑ Chan, Marjorie: Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale (1999) 28.1:101-112
- ↑ Bauer, Robert: “Modern Cantonese Phonology”, London: Routledge, 1997, pp 92-93