雪巴人

雪巴人
雪巴人
	尼泊爾雪巴人
總人口
	520,000人
分佈地區
	尼泊爾，中國（定日），不丹，印度（錫金，那加蘭邦，密索藍邦，曼尼普爾邦，阿魯納查爾，阿薩姆邦，大吉嶺）
語言
	雪巴語，尼泊爾文
宗教信仰
	主要係佛教（93%）少部份係印度教，苯教，基督教

雪巴人（藏文：ཤར་པ）係一支散居喺尼泊爾、中國、印度同不丹嘅民族。

歷史

雪巴人係遊牧民族，佢哋第一次定居喺索盧坤布（英文：Solukhumbu District）。根據雪巴人嘅口述歷史，有四個群體喺不同時間由西藏康區（中文：康區）遷移到索盧坤布，產生咗四個基本雪巴部落，然後呢四個族群逐漸分裂做而家嘅廿幾個氏族。大乘佛教嘅宗教衝突可能促成咗雪巴人喺13世紀同14世紀從西藏遷出並抵達尼泊爾嘅坤布（中文：坤布）地區。雪巴移民喺穿越喜馬拉雅之前經過 Ü 同 Tsang^[2]。

喺1400年代，坤布嘅雪巴人喺新成立嘅尼泊爾國家入面獲得自治權。喺1960年代，隨著同中國嘅緊張局勢加劇，尼泊爾政府對雪巴人嘅影響越來越大。喺1976年，坤布成為國家公園，旅遊業成為主要經濟力量^[3]。

Gautam (1994)得出結論，雪巴人大約喺600年前從西藏遷移到尼泊爾，最初經過 Rongshar 向西，然後通過囊帕拉山口（中文：囊帕拉山口）。據推測，呢一班來自西藏東部康區嘅人被人叫做「Shyar Khamba」，佢哋定居嘅地方被稱為「Shyar Khumbu」，隨著時間嘅推移，「Shyar Khumbu」嘅居民「Shyar Khamba」被稱為雪巴人^[4]。尼泊爾民族志博物館 (2001)一項研究假設而家嘅尼泊爾已經成為尼泊爾王國不可或缺嘅一部分。自古以來，雪巴人就同其他尼泊爾克拉底部落一樣，會喺喜馬拉雅地區從一個地方遷移到另一個地方，作為高山牧民同商人倖存落嚟嘅地區^[5]。

爬山技能

有好多雪巴人喺當地被高度評價為精英登山者同專家，佢哋對喜馬拉雅地區嘅早期探險家好有價值，喺嗰個地區嘅山峰同山口嘅極端高度充當嚮導，特別係對於攀登珠穆朗瑪峰嘅探險。而家外國人經常用雪巴人來指代幾乎所有受僱喺喜馬拉雅山登山探險嘅嚮導，唔理佢係咪雪巴人^[6]，因為咁，喺其他情況下，該術語已經成為嚮導或者導師嘅俚語^[7]。雪巴人以佢堅韌不拔、專業知識同在高海拔地區嘅經驗而喺國際攀登同登山界享有盛譽。據推測，雪巴人嘅部分攀登能力係因為基因適應咗高海拔地區嘅結果。其中一啲適應包括獨特嘅血紅蛋白結合能力同一氧化氮產量翻倍^[8]。

2014年珠穆朗瑪峰雪崩事故

喺2014年4月18號，一座冰塔喺珠穆朗瑪峰嘅坤布冰瀑上方坍塌，造成大量冰雪雪崩，令16名尼泊爾嚮導死亡，其中大部分都係雪巴人^[9]。

宗教

雪巴人普遍信仰佛教神靈、魔鬼，佢哋仲將珠穆朗瑪峰叫做「世界之母」。馬卡魯峰被尊為香卡（濕婆）神。每個氏族都崇敬某啲山峰同佢嘅保護神^[10]。

參考

↑ POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL VOLUME II (Social Demography). Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics. 2014. pp. 10–156. ISBN 978-9937-2-8972-6. 原著喺2021-01-21歸檔. 喺20 September 2019搵到.
↑ Bhandari, Sushil; 等 (2015). "Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region". Scientific Reports. 5: 16249. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516249B. doi:10.1038/srep16249. PMC 4633682. PMID 26538459.
↑ Sherpa, Lhakpa Norbu (2008). Through A Sherpa Window: Illustrated Guide to Traditional Sherpa Culture. Jyatha, Thamel: Vajra Publications. ISBN 9789937506205.
↑ "Tapting Samaj Sewa". Tapting.org. 喺8 March 2012搵到.
↑ "Nepal Ethnographic Museum". Asia-planet.net. 喺8 March 2012搵到.
↑ Educational Media and Technology Yearbook – Volume 36, Michael Orey, Stephanie A. Jones, Robert Maribe Branch, page 94 (2011), ISBN 1461413044: "A Sherpa is traditionally a knowledgeable native who guides mountain climbers on their most difficult and risky ascents." Buried in the Sky: The Extraordinary Story of the Sherpa Climbers, by Peter Zuckerman, Amanda Padoan, page 65 (2012): "Lowlanders clutching the Lonely Planet guide are convinced they want to hire “a sherpa,” even if they don't know what a Sherpa is..."
↑ "G20 meet: What role does the Sherpa play in the negotiations?". The Indian Express (美國英文). 2016-09-06. 喺2018-10-07搵到.
↑ Kamler, K. (2004). Surviving the extremes: What happens to the body and mind at the limits of human endurance, p. 212. New York: Penguin.
↑ Krakauer, Jon (21 April 2014). "Death and Anger on Everest". The New Yorker. 喺24 April 2014搵到. Of the twenty-five men hit by the falling ice, sixteen were killed, all of them Nepalis working for guided climbing teams.
↑ "When you call someone a Sherpa, what does that mean?". Public Radio International (美國英文). 喺2018-10-07搵到.

[1] POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL VOLUME II (Social Demography). Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics. 2014. pp. 10–156. ISBN 978-9937-2-8972-6. 原著喺2021-01-21歸檔. 喺20 September 2019搵到.

[Bhandari_2015-2] Bhandari, Sushil; 等 (2015). "Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region". Scientific Reports. 5: 16249. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516249B. doi:10.1038/srep16249. PMC 4633682. PMID 26538459.

[:0-3] Sherpa, Lhakpa Norbu (2008). Through A Sherpa Window: Illustrated Guide to Traditional Sherpa Culture. Jyatha, Thamel: Vajra Publications. ISBN 9789937506205.

[4] "Tapting Samaj Sewa". Tapting.org. 喺8 March 2012搵到.

[5] "Nepal Ethnographic Museum". Asia-planet.net. 喺8 March 2012搵到.

[6] Educational Media and Technology Yearbook – Volume 36, Michael Orey, Stephanie A. Jones, Robert Maribe Branch, page 94 (2011), ISBN 1461413044: "A Sherpa is traditionally a knowledgeable native who guides mountain climbers on their most difficult and risky ascents." Buried in the Sky: The Extraordinary Story of the Sherpa Climbers, by Peter Zuckerman, Amanda Padoan, page 65 (2012): "Lowlanders clutching the Lonely Planet guide are convinced they want to hire “a sherpa,” even if they don't know what a Sherpa is..."

[7] "G20 meet: What role does the Sherpa play in the negotiations?". The Indian Express (美國英文). 2016-09-06. 喺2018-10-07搵到.

[8] Kamler, K. (2004). Surviving the extremes: What happens to the body and mind at the limits of human endurance, p. 212. New York: Penguin.

[NYr-9] Krakauer, Jon (21 April 2014). "Death and Anger on Everest". The New Yorker. 喺24 April 2014搵到. Of the twenty-five men hit by the falling ice, sixteen were killed, all of them Nepalis working for guided climbing teams.

[10] "When you call someone a Sherpa, what does that mean?". Public Radio International (美國英文). 喺2018-10-07搵到.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]