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阿拉伯復興社會黨－敘利亞地區

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
阿拉伯復興社會黨－敘利亞地區
حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا
管理機構中央領袖
(2018–2024年)[1]
助理總書記Ibrahim al-Hadid[2][3]
成立1947年4月7號， 77年之前 (1947-04-07)
解散2024年12月11號 （無限期暫停）
總部 敘利亞大馬士革 （直至2024年12月11號；已經長期解散）
報刊Al-Ba'ath[4] 同埋 Al-Thawra[5][6]
學生分會全國學生聯合會復興黨先鋒隊[7]
青年分會革命青年團[8]
準軍事分支復興旅
(2012–2018年)[9][10]
黨員人數120萬 （2010年估計）[11]
意識形態阿拉伯復興主義
政治取態極左派[34][35][36]
地區派系阿拉伯社會主義復興黨 (1966–2024年)
人民陣線國家進步陣線 (1972–2024年)[37]
代表顏色　 黑色、 　 白色、 　 綠色、　 紅色
口號「團結、自由、社會主義（英文：Unity, Freedom, Socialism）」
「阿拉伯人萬歲」[38]
Party flag
網站
baathparty.sy

阿拉伯復興社會黨－敘利亞地區[39][a]，簡稱敘利亞復興黨，係敘利亞由1963年到2024年嘅執政黨，直至到阿薩德政權冧檔之後，就唔再管治個國家，仲喺幾日之後長期解散。

歷史

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呢個黨喺1947年4月創黨，係阿拉伯復興主義喺敘利亞嘅地區黨。到1963年，敘利亞發生政變，敘利亞第二共和國冧檔，改為由呢個黨控制個國家。喺之後嘅61年，呢個黨都會係個國家嘅唯一執政黨，而自從2000年開始亦係巴沙爾·阿薩德嘅獨裁政黨。到2024年12月，阿薩德政權冧檔令個黨唔再控制個國家[40] ，而個黨喺同一個月亦都宣佈長期解散[41]。

政治取態

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個黨係屬於阿拉伯復興主義嘅主要黨派之一，喺政治光譜度屬於極左派。個黨喺歷史上曾經有唔同嘅內部紛爭，所以敘利亞亦都喺呢個黨嘅統治期間，發生過唔少嘅政變。由於個黨好多時都係靠軍事嚟維持控制國家嘅唔同層面，包括教育、醫療、交通、同經濟等等，所以唔少人都認為個黨係有軍國同埋集權嘅傾向[42][43][44]。

腳註

[編輯]
  1. ↑ 阿拉伯文：حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا‎，羅馬拼音：Ḥizb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī – Quṭr Sūriyā

文獻

[編輯]
  1. ↑ Federal Research Division (2004). Syria: A Country Study (英文). Kessinger Publishing. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7.
  2. ↑ "السيرة الذاتية للرفاق أعضاء القيادة المركزية لحزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي07-05-2024". 原先內容歸檔喺8 May 2024. 喺8 May 2024搵到.
  3. ↑ "هنأ بوتين بتنصيبه رئيساً لروسيا الاتحادية لولاية جديدة ... الرئيس الأسد للقيادة المركزية: الحوار أحد أهم آليات تعزيز حضور «البع" [He congratulated Putin on his inauguration as President of the Russian Federation for a new term ... President al-Assad of the Central Command: Dialogue is one of the most important mechanisms for strengthening the presence of the "Baath Party."]. Al-Watan Newspaper. 9 May 2024. 原先內容歸檔喺9 May 2024. 喺10 May 2024搵到.
  4. ↑ David Commins; David W. Lesch (2013). Historical Dictionary of Syria. Scarecrow Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-8108-7966-9.
  5. ↑ "Syria". Arab Press Network. 原著喺25 August 2012歸檔. 喺21 July 2012搵到.
  6. ↑ Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscillia Mary (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-1-85109-841-5.
  7. ↑ "Syria's Conflicting Powers Develop Separate Education Curriculums". Atlantic Council. 23 December 2015. 原先內容歸檔喺7 January 2016. 喺31 December 2017搵到.
  8. ↑ "أحدث أخبار وفعاليات منظمة اتحاد شبيبة الثورة" (阿拉伯文). 原著喺2022年11月18號歸檔.
  9. ↑ Edward Dark (14 March 2014). "Pro-regime Sunni fighters in Aleppo defy sectarian narrative". Al Monitor. 原先內容歸檔喺23 December 2017. 喺20 March 2014搵到.
  10. ↑ "Source: The "Tiger" Cancels the Contracts of 6500 of Its Troops throughout Syria". Enab Baladi. 20 September 2018. 原先內容歸檔喺9 November 2020. 喺31 August 2019搵到.
  11. ↑ "Profile: Syria's ruling Baath Party". BBC. 9 July 2012. 原先內容歸檔喺13 August 2019. 喺13 August 2019搵到. Many posts in the public sector, the military and government were generally reserved for Baathists, which helped boost party membership. By 1981, some 375,000 people had joined the party. By 2010, this number had reportedly risen to 1.2 million – nearly 10% of the population.
  12. ↑ Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010). The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 423–424. ISBN 978-977-416-360-9.
  13. ↑ Viorst, Milton (1995). Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World. Syracuse University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0224033237.
  14. ↑ Phillips, Christopher (2020). The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9.
  15. ↑ Atassi, Karim (2018). Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–262, 382. doi:10.1017/9781316872017. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5.
  16. ↑ Atassi, Karim (2018). Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 262, 344. doi:10.1017/9781316872017. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5.
  17. ↑ C. Tucker, Spencer (2015). "Baath party". U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century.第1卷. California, USA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 135, 136. ISBN 978-1-4408-3878-1.
  18. ↑ Meininghaus, Esther (2016). "Introduction". Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–33. ISBN 978-1-78453-115-7.
  19. ↑ M. Choueiri, Youssef; M. Moghadem, Valentine (2008). "22: Modernizing Women in the Middle East". A Companion to the History of the Middle East. West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. p. 427. ISBN 978-1-4051-8379-6.
  20. ↑ Heydemann, Steven (1999). "4: Building the Institutions of Populist Authoritarian Rule". Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict. New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 84–104. ISBN 0-8014-2932-3.
  21. ↑ Solomon, Christopher (2022). In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. New York, NY 10018, USA: I.B. Tauris. pp. 43, 56, 70. ISBN 978-1-8386-0640-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  22. ↑ Awad, Ziad (27 January 2023). The 2022 Syrian Local Elections: A Leadership Rooted in Regime Networks. Via dei Roccettini 9, I-50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy: European University Institute. p. 11. doi:10.2870/52247. ISBN 978-92-9466-358-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  23. ↑ Guirguis, Laure; Rey, Matthieu (2020). "Free Elections versus Authoritarian Practices: What Baathists Fought For". Arab Lefts: Histories and Legacies, 1950s-1970s. Edinburgh EH8 8PJ, UK: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 57–75. ISBN 978-1-4744-5423-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  24. ↑ Heydemann, Stevem; Perthes, Volker (2000). "5: State Building, National Security and War Preparation in Syria". War, Institutions, and Social Change in the Middle East. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press. pp. 151–156. ISBN 0-520-22421-3.
  25. ↑ Suerbaum, Magdalena (2021). "1: Being a man vis-a-vis Militarization, War and the Uprising". Masculinities and Displacement in the Middle East: Syrian Refugees in Egypt. New York: I.B Tauris. pp. 23–52. ISBN 978-1-8386-0404-2.
  26. ↑ Umit Ungor, Ugur (2020). "1: Introduction". Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State (第1版). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–21. ISBN 978-0-19-882524-1.
  27. ↑ Fleischman, Luis (2021). "3: Arab World and the Peace Process". The Middle East Riddle: A Study of the Middle East Peace Process and Israeli-Arab Relations in Current Times. New Academia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7333980-8-4. LCCN 2020922086.
  28. ↑ "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). pp. 364–365. 原著 (PDF)喺23 July 2011歸檔. 喺8 March 2013搵到. The secularism of the party is an important source of legitimacy. It is estimated that about 25 percent of the population of Syria are non-Sunni Muslims (Alawites, Druze, Isma'ilis), or non-Muslims (Christians).
  29. ↑ The Israel Economist.第26–27卷. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. p. 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.
  30. ↑ "Syrian nationalism is all about masculinity". The Conversation. 13 December 2017. 原先內容歸檔喺19 July 2023. 喺19 July 2023搵到. And just as these ideas are at the forefront of the Syrian conflict, they will be very familiar to any ordinary Syrian. Assad's invigorated nationalism is a highly amplified and intensified version of the same nationalist ideology that we have all experienced over the last four decades.
  31. ↑ Nisan, Mordechai (2017). "5: Syria: The Occupation of Lebanon". Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 93–116. ISBN 978-1-4128-5667-6.
  32. ↑ "Baʿath Party". Britannica. 2020. 原先內容歸檔喺7 January 2019. 喺8 June 2023搵到. The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...
  33. ↑ Wieland, Carsten (June 2007). "SYRIA'S CHALLENGES AFTER THE ELECTION YEAR IS BASHAR AL-ASAD PART OF THE PROBLEM OR PART OF THE SOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST?". Papel Politico. 12 (1): 209–236. 原先內容歸檔喺25 April 2023. 喺24 September 2023搵到.
  34. ↑ Cavoški, Jovan (2022). Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5. Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.
  35. ↑ S. Abu Jaber, Kamel (1966). The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. pp. xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.
  36. ↑ Hopwood, Derek (2013). Syria 1945–1986: Politics and Society (英文). Routledge. pp. 45–46, 73–75, 90. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. ISBN 9781317818427.
  37. ↑ Elizabeth O'Bagy (7 June 2012). "Syria's Political Struggle: Spring 2012" (Backgrounder). ISW. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺16 June 2012. 喺26 October 2014搵到.
  38. ↑ Perthes, Volker (1997). The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. p. 156. ISBN 1-86064-192-X.
  39. ↑ 〈敘利亞變天復興黨政權煙消雲散　中東洗牌牽動歐洲非洲局勢〉。橙新聞。
  40. ↑ "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has left Damascus to an unknown destination, say two senior army officers". Reuters. 2024-12-08. 喺2024-12-08搵到.
  41. ↑ "Baath Party Of Syria's Assad Says Suspends Work Indefinitely". Barron's (英文). 11 December 2024.
  42. ↑ Wieland, Carsten (2018). "6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus". Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7556-4138-3.
  43. ↑ Keegan, John (1979). "Syria". World Armies. New York, USA: Facts on File Inc. pp. 683–684. ISBN 0-87196-407-4.
  44. ↑ Meininghaus, Esther (2016). "Introduction". Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–33. ISBN 978-1-78453-115-7.
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