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Euromaidan

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
Euromaidan

喺示威期間，有唔少人都有揸歐盟旗
日期 2013年11月21號 – 2014年2月22號 (3個月1日)
地點 烏克蘭，特別係基輔獨立廣場
起因
目標
特徵 公民抗命，包括示威[10]同埋佔領政府大樓[11]
結果
衝突方
烏克蘭 反政府示威者： 親政府組織：
指揮人士
波羅申科 亞努科維奇
人數
基輔：
40-80萬示威者[27]

全國：
5萬 (利維夫)[28]
2萬 (切爾卡瑟)[29]
1萬+ (特諾表)[30]

基輔警察：

4,000 警察
1,000 軍隊

3,000–4,000 其他武裝組織[31]

親政府示威：
2-6萬 (基輔)
4萬 (夏爾奇夫)[32]
1.5萬 (頓涅茨克)[33]
1萬 (辛菲洛普)[34]
2,500 (塞凡堡)[35]

傷亡

Euromaidan（烏克蘭文：Євромайдан[b]；中文又譯廣場起義）係烏克蘭親歐洲派響基輔展開嘅反政府示威，2013年11月21號至2014年2月23號進行，起因係烏克蘭總統亞努科維奇中止同歐盟簽署政治同自由貿易協議，強化同俄羅斯嘅關係[48]。抗議群眾要求同歐盟簽署協議、亞努科維奇下台、提前舉行大選。

歷史

[編輯]

2013年11月21號，當時嘅烏克蘭總統亞努科維奇突然改口，原本同意咗會同歐盟簽一份聯合協議，但係變咗係同由俄羅斯帶嘅歐亞經濟聯盟簽協議。當時烏克蘭嘅議會已經大比數通過咗同歐盟嘅協議[49]，但係俄羅斯向總統施壓去拒絕[50]。因為呢個決定，所以好多親歐盟嘅示威者都上街，要求亞努科維奇簽返份協議。當佢拒絕咗呢個要求之後，啲示威者就索性要求佢落台[51]。

對唔少人嚟講，俄羅斯對烏克蘭政府嘅影響，其實都同時反映咗政府入面嘅貪污問題，搞到啲官員淨係挂住攞俄羅斯泵嘅錢[52][53]。 專係研究貪污嘅透明國際（英文：Transparency International）更加叫亞努科維奇做典型嘅貪污例子[54]。

喺示威對抗期間，基輔獨立廣場成為咗示威嘅重地，有數以千計嘅示威者喺嗰度搭咗營，甚至包括埋廚房同埋救傷站[55][56]。除此之外，示威者亦組成咗“自衛隊”嚟對抗警察嘅攻擊，有哂制服、頭盔、盾牌、同棍等等。佢哋由12月中開始同警察嘅衝突惡化，其中響2014年1月，爆發咗一次嚴重嘅流血衝突[57]，造成幾百人傷。呢個情況一直持續到2月18-20號嘅頂峰。喺總共呢大概2個月嘅衝突期間，有預計過百位示威者死咗[36]。

喺2月21號，亞努科維奇同議會入面嘅反對派簽咗協議，同意成立過渡政府，同時提早選舉。亞努科維奇同其他親俄官員喺嗰晚走咗去俄羅斯[58]，而議會亦喺之後嗰日踢走咗佢嘅總統職位[59]，成立咗臨時政府[60]。喺幾個月之後，政府舉行咗第6屆烏克蘭總統選舉，波羅申科正式當選做新總統。

喺俄羅斯方面，普京經過 Euromaidan 嘅事之後，嘗試留住佢對烏克蘭嘅勢力範圍，所以引起克里米亞危機同埋俄烏戰爭去爆發。

註

[編輯]
  1. ↑ 聲稱有啲唔係自願，而係俾上師逼或者收咗錢 [25][26]
  2. ↑ 單詞Euromaidan係Euro（歐洲）同Maidan Nezalezhnosti（獨立廣場）組成嘅新詞[47]

參考

[編輯]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine – Nov. 21–23 coverage". Kyiv Post. 2013年11月25號.
  2. ↑ Snyder, Timothy (3 February 2014). "Don't Let Putin Grab Ukraine". The New York Times. 喺5 February 2014搵到. The current crisis in Ukraine began because of Russian foreign policy.
  3. ↑ Calamur, Krishnadev (2014年2月19號). "4 Things To Know About What's Happening in Ukraine". Parallels (World Wide Web log). NPR.
  4. ↑ Spolsky, Danylo. "One minister's dark warning and the ray of hope". Kyiv Post (editorial). 喺27 November 2013搵到.
  5. ↑ "Where did the downfall of Ukraine's President Viktor Yanukovych begin?". Public Radio International. 24 February 2014.
  6. ↑ "Ukrainian opposition calls for President Yanukovych's impeachment". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 21 November 2013. 喺27 November 2013搵到.
  7. ↑ Herszenhorn, David M. (1 December 2013). "Thousands of Protesters in Ukraine Demand Leader's Resignation". The New York Times. 喺2 December 2013搵到.
  8. ↑ Bonner, Brian (21 November 2013). "Two petition drives take aim at Yanukovych". Kyiv Post. 喺27 November 2013搵到.
  9. ↑ "EuroMaidan passes an anti-Customs Union resolution". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 15 December 2013. 喺15 December 2013搵到.
  10. ↑ Веб-сайт Кабміну теж уже не працює [Cabinet Website also no longer works]. Ukrayinska Pravda (烏克蘭文). 11 November 2013. 喺8 December 2013搵到.
  11. ↑ "Hereha closes Kyiv City Council meeting on Tuesday". Interfax-Ukraine. 2013年12月24號.
  12. ↑ Cabinet resumed preparations for the association with the EU 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期12 March 2014.. Ukrinform. 2 March 2014
  13. ↑ "Party of Regions, Communist Party banned in Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions". Kyiv Post. 27 January 2014. 喺10 April 2014搵到.
  14. ↑ "Activity of Regions Party, Communist Party, Yanukovych's portraits banned in Drohobych". Kyiv Post. 21 February 2014. 喺10 April 2014搵到.
  15. ↑ "Jailed Ukrainian opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko has been freed from prison, says official from her political party". CNN. 22 February 2014.
  16. ↑ "Law on amnesty of Ukrainian protesters to take effect on Feb 17", Interfax-Ukraine (17 February 2014)
  17. ↑ "Ukraine lawmakers offer protester amnesty". The Washington Post. 29 January 2014. 原著喺30 January 2014歸檔.
  18. ↑ "Ukraine: Amnesty law fails to satisfy protesters". Euronews. 30 January 2014. 原著喺26 September 2018歸檔. 喺2 March 2014搵到.
  19. ↑ Halya Coynash (30 January 2014). "Ruling majority takes hostages through new 'amnesty law'". Kyiv Post. 喺2 March 2014搵到.
  20. ↑ Ukraine parliament passes protest amnesty law. BBC. 29 January 2014
  21. ↑ "Ukraine leader's sick leave prompts guessing game". 《南華早報》. Associated Press. 30 January 2014.
  22. ↑ Ukraine president Viktor Yanukovych takes sick leave as amnesty, other moves fail to quell Kyiv protests. CBS. 30 January 2014
  23. ↑ "Mr Akhtem Chiygoz: "Crimean Tatars Leave Actively to Kyiv on Maidan Nezalezhnosti"". 3 December 2013. 原著喺9 April 2022歸檔. 喺19 February 2014搵到.
  24. ↑ {{cite news|url=http://interfax.com.ua/news/political/177921.html%7Cscript-title=ru:Митинг[失咗效嘅鏈] в поддержку действий президента по защите национальных интересов Украины прошел в Харькове |trans-title=Rally in support of the president's actions to protect the national interests of Ukraine took place in Kharkiv|agency=Interfax-Ukraine |date=30 November 2013|access-date=9 December 2013|language=ru}
  25. ↑ Днепропетровских бюджетников заставляют ехать в Киев на 'Антимайдан' [Dnipropetrovsk state employees are forced to go to Kyiv to 'Antimaydan']. comments.ua (俄文). UA: Comments. 12 December 2013. 原著喺14 December 2013歸檔. 喺15 December 2013搵到.
  26. ↑ Кожного привезеного на столичний "антимайдан" ошукали на 500 грн [Everyone brought to the capital's "anti-Maidan" was deceived for UAH 500]. Gazeta (俄文). 14 December 2013. 喺15 December 2013搵到.
  27. ↑ Whitmore, Brian (6 December 2013). "Putin's Growing Threat Next Door". The Atlantic.
  28. ↑ Євромайдан Львів встановив кількісний рекорд [Euromaidan Lviv set a quantitative record]. Lviv Expres (烏克蘭文). 1 December 2013. 原著喺3 December 2013歸檔. 喺1 December 2013搵到.
  29. ↑ "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Jan. 23 live updates)". Kyiv Post. 23 January 2014. 喺24 January 2014搵到.
  30. ↑ Тернопільський Євромайдан зібрав більше 10 тисяч людей [Ternopil Eeuromaydan brought together more than 10 thousand people] (烏克蘭文). UA: TE. 8 December 2013. 喺15 December 2013搵到.
  31. ↑ Мариинском парке собралось около 3–4 тысяч "титушек" – нардеп [Mariinsky park were about 3–4 thousand "titushek" – People's Deputy] (烏克蘭文). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 22 January 2014. 喺23 January 2014搵到.
  32. ↑ В Харькове провели масштабный провластный митинг [A large-scale pro-government rally was held in Kharkiv]. BBC News (俄文). 30 November 2013. 喺30 November 2013搵到.
  33. ↑ "На провластный митинг в Донецке привезли несколько десятков автобусов "неравнодушных"" [Dozens of "indifferent" buses brought to pro-government rally in Donetsk]. Gazeta.ua. 23 July 2013. 喺4 December 2013搵到.
  34. ↑ Наша задача: отстаивать национальные интересы, строить Европу в Крыму и в Украине – Павел Бурлаков [Our task: to defend national interests, to build Europe in the Crimea and in Ukraine – Paul Boatmen]. Новости Крыма [Crimean News] (烏克蘭文). UkraineInfo. 4 December 2013. 原著喺7 December 2013歸檔. 喺4 December 2013搵到.
  35. ↑ ЄвромадаЇ в Україні: Запоріжжя вражало кількістю, а в Одесі пам'ятник Дюку "одягли" у прапор ЄС [YevromadaYi in Ukraine Zaporizhzhia striking number, and in Odesa Monument to Duke "dressed" in the EU flag] (烏克蘭文). UA: TSN. 24 November 2013. 喺15 December 2013搵到.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 "Accountability for killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. pp. 9, 21–25.
  37. ↑ "On Grushevskogo for Šutka postradali 1400 chelovek oppozitsiya". Liga. 400+(50–100)+1400
  38. ↑ "Some 700 protestors hospitalized in past two months". Kyiv Post. 30 January 2014.
  39. ↑ "BBC News – Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president". BBC News. 23 February 2014. 喺3 March 2014搵到.
  40. ↑ "Around 780 people die during protests in Ukraine in reality, say volunteer doctors". Interfax. 10 April 2014.
  41. ↑ "Около 150 активистов с Майдана остаются пропавшими без вести – Беркут, избиение, евромайдан, Революция в Украине (30.03.14 18:12) « Политика Украины « Новости" [About 150 Maidan activists remain missing – Berkut, beating, Euromaidan, Revolution in Ukraine (30.03.14 18:12) « Politics of Ukraine « News]. Censor.net.ua. 30 March 2014. 喺3 August 2014搵到.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Grytsenko, Oksana (31 January 2014). "'On The Brink of Civil War'". Kyiv Post.
  43. ↑ Список погибших в ходе акций протеста в Украине (январь-март 2014). Дополняется (tr. "List of victims of protests in Ukraine (January–March 2014). Complemented") LB.ua, 15 March 2014
  44. ↑ "Clashes rage as 100,000 Ukrainians demand EU pact". 雅虎. 2 December 2013. 原著喺12 December 2013歸檔. 喺24 January 2014搵到.
  45. ↑ Міліція повідомила, що госпіталізовано 75 її бійців [Police said 75 of its soldiers were hospitalized]. Ukrayinska Pravda (烏克蘭文). 2 December 2013. 喺3 December 2013搵到.
  46. ↑ "Medics were short on account of beat up police personnel (Медики недосчитались побитых демонстрантами милиционеров)". Ukrayinska Pravda (俄文). 3 December 2013. 喺3 December 2013搵到.
  47. ↑ "Ukraine's Euromaidan: What's in a name?". 《華盛頓郵報》. 2013-12-02. 原著喺2013-12-02歸檔. 喺2013-12-02搵到.
  48. ↑ 〈烏克蘭十萬人抗議政府延遲加入歐盟〉。亞太日報。2013-11-26。原著喺2014-02-03歸檔。喺2014-01-25搵到。
  49. ↑ "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration". Kyiv Post. 2013年2月22號.
  50. ↑ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (編). The European Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274.
  51. ↑ Kiev protesters gather, EU and Putin joust, 路透社 (2013年12月12號)
  52. ↑ Yanukovych Offers Opposition Leaders Key Posts, 自由歐洲電台 (25 January 2014)
  53. ↑ Marples, David; Mills, Frederick, 編 (2015). Ukraine's Euromaidan: Analyses of a Civil Revolution. Ibidem Press. pp. 9–14.
  54. ↑ "Transparency International names Yanukovych world's most corrupt". Kyiv Post. 11 February 2016.
  55. ↑ Wynnyckyj, Mychailo (2019). Ukraine's Maidan, Russia's War. Ibidem Press. pp. 93–99.
  56. ↑ Anatomy of Maidan. Virtual tour of the protesters' grounds". Euromaidan Press, 2014年1月30號.
  57. ↑ 〈烏克蘭警民衝突致3死 歐盟北約譴責〉。2014-01-22。
  58. ↑ Walker, Shaun; Salem, Harriet (22 February 2014). "Ukraine: 'The dictatorship has fallen.' But what will take its place?". The Observer (英國英文). ISSN 0029-7712. 喺23 February 2019搵到.
  59. ↑ Sindelar, Daisy (23 February 2014). "Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?". Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty (Rferl.org). 喺25 February 2014搵到. [I]t is not clear that the hasty February 22 vote upholds constitutional guidelines, which call for a review of the case by Ukraine's Constitutional Court and a three-fourths majority vote by the Verkhovna Rada – i.e., 338 lawmakers.
  60. ↑ Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law". The German Law Journal. SSRN 2627417.
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