第二語言耗失

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書

第二語言耗失dai6 ji6 jyu5 jin4 hou3 sat1（英文：second language attrition）係指一個人學咗隻 L2 之後用得唔夠，然後慢慢噉喪失用嗰隻 L2 嘅能力[1][2]。

背景[編輯]

内文：第二語言習得
睇埋：記憶同遺忘

認知心理學上嘅研究表明咗，記憶係需要持續噉用先至會維持得到嘅：如果有一件記憶，個人唔會定時噉攞嚟用，佢通常就會慢慢噉遺忘呢件記憶，呢個諗頭就係所謂嘅記憶衰變理論。SLA 必然會涉及記憶—人要學 L2 就需要記住隻 L2 嘅文法規則同埋生字[3]，呢啲記憶理應都會隨時間而「衰變」，用得唔夠就會開始被遺忘。喺實證研究上，語言學家已經觀察到噉嘅現象，觀察啲學生隨時間嘅變化，發現啲學生如果唔持續噉用 L2（尤其係會同時要求收訊同傳訊嘅現實對話），時間一耐就會開始唔記得有關 L2 嘅知識[註 1]。第二語言耗失就係指

「
停止使用 L2 一排之後，開始喪失使用 L2 嘅能力
 」

嘅現象。

研究[編輯]

有好多 SLA 同語言教育工作者都致力研究第二語言耗失呢種現象，想知有咩因素會影響耗失嘅發生率，同埋係有啲咩方法可以阻止耗失。

順帶一提，呢系列研究亦都帶出咗「某啲語言知識比較難遺忘」嘅諗頭—研究指，整體嘅 L2 知識衰退到咁上下就唔會再衰退，而呢啲淨低嘅知識可以維持成廿幾年咁耐[註 2]，而且仲有多份研究反映，生字（同文法比較嚟）比較容易出現耗失嘅情況[1][4]。

睇埋[編輯]

註釋[編輯]

  1. ↑ 「唔記得咗」嘅知識唔會完全消失：事實表明，學「之前學過但唔記得咗」嘅知識明顯快過學「真係完全未接觸過」嘅知識。
  2. ↑ 可以睇吓遺忘曲線「跌到咁上下條線就橫咗唔再跌」嘅情況，或者睇吓指數衰減。

攷[編輯]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Burghardt, B. (2020). Preventing Attrition and Promoting Retention. Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 19, 66-81，當中 p. 68-69 有講到呢方面嘅研究嘅一啲重要發現：
    • Production (speaking and writing) is more vulnerable than listening and reading.
    • Attrition is often signaled by reduced fluency.
    • Literacy impedes attrition (and supports retention); i.e., readers are better off than nonreaders.
    • The lexicon is more likely to show effects of attrition than grammar (on the other hand, there is no grammar without vocabulary).
    • Motivation is implicated in both learning and attrition.
    • Lower level learners are more likely to attrite than higher level learners.
    篇文亦有講到有咩活動可以鼓勵學生持續噉接觸嗰隻語言。
  2. ↑ Schmid, M. S. (2023). The final frontier? Why we have been ignoring second language attrition, and why it is time we stopped. Language Teaching, 56(1), 73-93，有講到某啲語言知識學咗就好難唔記得："... the remainder is immune to further losses for at least a quarter of a century, and much of that content survives for fifty years or longer."
  3. ↑ Morgan-Short, K., Faretta-Stutenberg, M., Brill-Schuetz, K. A., Carpenter, H., & Wong, P. C. (2014). Declarative and procedural memory as individual differences in second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(1), 56-72.
  4. ↑ Mickan, A., McQueen, J. M., & Lemhöfer, K. (2019). Bridging the gap between second language acquisition research and memory science: The case of foreign language attrition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 397.
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