遺忘

遺忘（粵拼：wai⁴ mong⁴；英文：forgetting / disremembering）係指本來存在喺短期或者長期記憶當中嘅資訊喪失或者走樣。

原則上，遺忘係必然會發生嘅：根據現代認知科學嘅心腦同一論（mind-brain identity theory），好似記憶噉嘅認知功能冚唪唥都係對應住個腦嘅某啲區域，所以隨住個人衰老，腦部嘅神經細胞（neuron）萎縮，於是儲喺個腦入面嘅記憶實會喪失或者變樣。事實係，老人家零舍常有記性唔好嘅問題^[1]^[2]。

概論[編輯]

睇埋：記憶

喺認知科學（cognitive science）上，記憶（memory）係指一個認知系統儲起資訊嘅功能：記憶嘅開端係感官－眼耳口鼻等嘅器官會由外界接收各種嘅資訊，然後感官嘅神經細胞（neuron）會以電同化學訊號等嘅型式將感官收到嘅資訊傳上去個腦嗰度，而工作記憶（working memory）等嘅短期記憶系統會暫時儲住個腦用緊嗰啲資訊，呢啲資訊當中有一啲可能會俾個腦判定為「有價值，需要儲起做長期記憶」，於是就俾個腦轉化做長期記憶日後對隻動物嘅行為產生更加深遠嘅影響；另一方面，工作記憶又會幫手提取一啲由打前儲起咗嘅長期記憶嗰度得到嘅資訊，等隻動物識得運用過去接收過嘅資訊調整自己嘅行為^[3]。定義上，「遺忘」正正就係指記憶功能儲起咗嘅資訊喪失或者走樣嘅過程^[1]。

衰變理論[編輯]

內文：記憶衰變理論

根據對遺忘嘅心理學同神經科學研究，遺忘嘅現象可以由所謂嘅記憶衰變理論（memory decay theory）嚟思考：一件資訊一旦儲咗喺記憶裏面，呢件記憶就會隨時間而「衰變」－時間過得愈耐，個人能夠「成功記住件記憶而且件記憶唔走樣」嘅機會率會穩定噉下降；如果個人一回想返件記憶，件記憶會「重新啟動」；所以如果有件記憶唔係成日要用嘅話，個人會慢慢噉遺忘呢件記憶。亦即係話，「定時定候用一件記憶」係確保件記憶恆定唔走樣嘅主要方法^[4]。

數學模型[編輯]

內文：遺忘曲線

遺忘曲線（forgetting curve）喺學習曲線研究上係指模擬遺忘過程嘅數學模型：人類嘅記憶系統具有遺忘功能，即係話會隨時間忘記一啲俾個系統評定為冇用嘅資訊同技能，所以（例如）好多時當一個人冇時不時回想一件資訊，佢過咗一段時間後再嘗試回想件資訊嗰陣就會難咗（睇埋記憶衰變理論）^[5]。想像以下嘅實驗：研究者家陣要求啲受試者睇一柞生字，跟住喺一段時間後再叫佢哋盡可能寫返嗮佢睇咗嗰柞字出嚟；一般嚟講，如果一個受試者對某個字嘅記憶愈強，佢應該愈有可能會記得寫返低嗰個字。原則上，假設第啲因素不變，時間過得愈耐，受試者就愈會唔記得學過嘅生字，即係話如果將「受試者能夠成功回想返柞字」同時間畫一條線，理應會出一條下跌嘅曲線^[6]^[7]。

而實證嘅研究表明，遺忘可以用以下噉嘅數學模型嚟模擬，而跟條式畫嗰條線就係所謂嘅遺忘曲線^[8]^[9]：

y=C_{1}e^{-t/s}

例： $y$ 係過咗 $t$ 咁多單位時間冇回想之後，再回想返原本嗰件記憶嗰陣嘅表現， $C_{1}$ 係一個參數， $s$ 反映記憶嘅穩定性（ $s>0$ ）－隨住時間過去（ $t$ 數值上升）， $-t/s$ 變得愈嚟愈負， $y$ 嘅數值會慢慢噉下降，最後去到一個穩定嘅低水平^[10]。

一條心理學上嘅遺忘曲線；Y 軸反映個記憶嘅「強度」，X 軸係時間。

睇埋[編輯]

參考文獻[編輯]

Wixted, J. (2004), "The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting." (PDF), Annual Review of Psychology, 55, pp. 235–269

攷[編輯]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Maddox, G. B.; Balota, D. A.; Coane, J. H. & Duchek, J. M. (2011). "The role of forgetting rate in producing a benefit of expanded over equal spaced retrieval in young and older adults". Psychology and Aging. 26 (3): 661–670.
↑ Wayne, W. & McCann, D. (2007). Psychology: Themes & Variety 2nd Canadian ed. Nelson Education Ltd: Thompson Wadsworth Publisher.
↑ Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (2003). Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(2), 224.
↑ McLeod, Saul. "Forgetting". Simply Psychology. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
↑ Hewitt, D., Sprague, K., Yearout, R., Lisnerski, D., & Sparks, C. (1992). The effects of unequal relearning rates on estimating forgetting parameters associated with performance curves. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 10(3), 217-224.
↑ "Recall (memory)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
↑ Baddeley, Alan D., "The Psychology of Memory", pp. 131–132, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1976.
↑ Jaber, M. Y. (2006). Learning and forgetting models and their applications. Handbook of industrial and systems engineering, 30(1), 30-127.
↑ Globerson, S., Levin, N., & Shtub, A. (1989). The impact of breaks on forgetting when performing a repetitive task. IIE transactions, 21(4), 376-381.
↑ Woźniak Piotr A., Gorzelańczyk Edward J. and Murakowski Janusz A. (1995) "Two components of long-term memory.". Acta Neurobiol Experimentalis (1995) 55(4):301-5.

拎[編輯]

The End of Forgetting An article by Jeffrey Rosen.
Forgetting: High School Psychology.
Causes of Forgetting & Learning.
Forgetting is Key to a Healthy Mind.

[maddox2011-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Maddox, G. B.; Balota, D. A.; Coane, J. H. & Duchek, J. M. (2011). "The role of forgetting rate in producing a benefit of expanded over equal spaced retrieval in young and older adults". Psychology and Aging. 26 (3): 661–670.

[2] Wayne, W. & McCann, D. (2007). Psychology: Themes & Variety 2nd Canadian ed. Nelson Education Ltd: Thompson Wadsworth Publisher.

[3] Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (2003). Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(2), 224.

[4] McLeod, Saul. "Forgetting". Simply Psychology. Retrieved 1 May 2014.

[5] Hewitt, D., Sprague, K., Yearout, R., Lisnerski, D., & Sparks, C. (1992). The effects of unequal relearning rates on estimating forgetting parameters associated with performance curves. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 10(3), 217-224.

[recall-6] "Recall (memory)". Encyclopædia Britannica.

[7] Baddeley, Alan D., "The Psychology of Memory", pp. 131–132, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1976.

[jaber2006-8] Jaber, M. Y. (2006). Learning and forgetting models and their applications. Handbook of industrial and systems engineering, 30(1), 30-127.

[9] Globerson, S., Levin, N., & Shtub, A. (1989). The impact of breaks on forgetting when performing a repetitive task. IIE transactions, 21(4), 376-381.

[10] Woźniak Piotr A., Gorzelańczyk Edward J. and Murakowski Janusz A. (1995) "Two components of long-term memory.". Acta Neurobiol Experimentalis (1995) 55(4):301-5.

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遺忘

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