語言聯盟

語言聯盟（粵拼：jyu5 jin4 lyun4 mang4 | 德文：Sprachbund）係指一拃語言因為歷史上距離近有過密切嘅接觸而產生好多相似性，但呢拃語言並唔係嚟自同一個共同祖先嘅。

例子

西歐

阿爾泰

好似係阿爾泰（Altaic）「語系」噉，就被指係一個語言聯盟^[1]－呢個「語系」包括日本話、韓國話同土耳其話等多隻嚟自歐亞大陸中北部嘅語言，呢啲語言之間有頗高嘅相似性，例如日本話同韓國話之間翻譯嗰陣成日可以做到「完全唔使掉換句子入面啲字嘅位置，淨係將源頭語言啲字換做目標語言入面嘅對應就得」（呢點反映兩隻語言响句法上好相似），令到有唔少語言學家提倡佢哋係同一個語系－出咗「阿爾泰語系」呢個諗頭；不過廿一世紀初嘅研究表明，呢幾隻語言早期歷史上出現「變到愈嚟愈似對方」嘅情形，而唔係好似一般嘅語系噉「隨時間變到愈嚟愈唔似對方」^[2]^[3]，所以畀主流語言學家話佢哋似係語言聯盟多啲。

日本話同韓國話嘅相似之處：

語言學界主流認為，日本話同韓國話唔同源，但兩者的確有好多相似之處，當中啲句法相似到有時可以做到一對一直譯，即係完全唔使掉換句子入面啲字嘅位置，淨係將源頭語言啲字換做目標語言入面嘅對應就得。例如兩隻語言都係跟 SOV 句法嘅^[4]：

粵文：ngo5 hai6 hok6 saang1（漢字加粵字：我係學生）

日本話：watashi ga gakusei-desu（假名加漢字：私は学生です）

韓國話：na neun hagsaeng-ida（諺文：나는학생이다）

粵文係跟 SVO 句法嘅，句句子係主語（我）行先，然後係動詞（係），賓語（學生）擺尾。相比之下，日本話同韓國話都係跟 SOV 嘅，

日本話：watashi（我）ga（簡化講就係隔開主語同賓語嘅一隻字）gakusei（學生）-desu（係）

韓國話：na（我）neun（又係用嚟隔開主語同賓語嘅一隻字）hagsaeng（學生）-ida（係）

－啲人攞住句日本話句子，可以將句句子每件元件轉換做韓國話入面嘅對應，途中完全唔使更改啲元件嘅次序，最後出到嗰句嘢會完全似自然嘅韓國話。

睇埋

攷

↑ Schönig, Claus (2003), "Turko-Mongolic Relations", in Janhunen, Juha (ed.), The Mongolic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 403-419
↑ Lyle Campbell and Mauricio J. Mixco (2007): A Glossary of Historical Linguistics; University of Utah Press. Page 7: "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related."
↑ R. M. W. Dixon (1997): The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge University Press. Page 32: "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here."
↑ Kim, Y. J. (2000). Subject/object drop in the acquisition of Korean: A cross-linguistic comparison. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 9(4), 325-351.

呢篇同語言學有關嘅文係楔位文。歡迎幫維基百科擴寫佢。

[1] Schönig, Claus (2003), "Turko-Mongolic Relations", in Janhunen, Juha (ed.), The Mongolic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 403-419

[2] Lyle Campbell and Mauricio J. Mixco (2007): A Glossary of Historical Linguistics; University of Utah Press. Page 7: "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related."

[3] R. M. W. Dixon (1997): The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge University Press. Page 32: "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here."

[4] Kim, Y. J. (2000). Subject/object drop in the acquisition of Korean: A cross-linguistic comparison. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 9(4), 325-351.

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