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花剌子密

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出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
花剌子密
姓名原文أبو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي
出生日c. 780年 喺Wikidata改呢個
出生地未知 喺Wikidata改呢個
本名محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي
死亡日c. 850年 喺Wikidata改呢個 （70歲）
死亡地未知 喺Wikidata改呢個
識嘅語言波斯文、阿拉伯文 喺Wikidata改呢個
信奉伊斯蘭教、遜尼派 喺Wikidata改呢個
職業數學家、天文學家、geographer、哲學家、翻譯員、史學家 喺Wikidata改呢個
僱主House of Wisdom 喺Wikidata改呢個
名作The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing 喺Wikidata改呢個
花剌子密郵票

花剌子密（Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī，780年代—850年代）係波斯數學家、天文學家同地理學家。佢係繼3世紀丟番圖之後最深入研究代數嘅人，同時將十進制帶到去歐洲。

佢有份推廣嘅代數論文喺813年至833年間編寫成《Al-Jabr（《完成與平衡計算之書》）》，[1]:171 呢本書首次提供咗系統化解線性方程同二次方程嘅方法。佢喺代數嘅其中一個成就，就係佢示範咗點樣用配方法嚟解決二次方程，並且提供幾何證明。[2]:14 因為al-Khwarizmi係第一個將代數視為一門獨立學科嘅人，並引入咗「簡化」同「平衡」嘅方法（即將方程式中被減數移到另一邊，意思係將兩邊相同嘅項目取消），[3]佢被形容為代數之父[4][5][6]或者創始人[7][8]。英文字「algebra」就係由佢上述論文嘅簡稱（الجبر‎ Al-Jabr，

）嚟嘅。[9] 佢嘅名字亦衍生咗英文字「algorism」同「algorithm」；西班牙文、意大利文、葡萄牙文嘅「algoritmo」；同埋西班牙文嘅「guarismo」[10]同葡萄牙文嘅「algarismo」，兩個詞都係解「數字」。[11]

喺12世紀，拉丁文翻譯咗al-Khwarizmi嘅印度算術教科書（Algorithmo de Numero Indorum），呢本書將各種印度數字編碼，並將十進制為基礎嘅位值記數系統介紹畀西方世界。[12] 同樣，《Al-Jabr》由英國學者Robert of Chester喺1145年翻譯成拉丁文，喺16世紀之前一直係歐洲大學主要嘅數學教科書。[13][14][15][16]

al-Khwarizmi修改咗托勒密嘅《地理學》，呢本書係二世紀羅馬博學家Claudius Ptolemy用希臘文寫嘅論文，列出咗唔同城市同地區嘅經緯度。[17]:9 佢仲編寫咗一套天文表，寫咗關於曆法、星盤同日晷嘅作品。[18] al-Khwarizmi喺三角學方面作出重要貢獻，編制咗精確嘅正弦同餘弦表，仲寫咗第一本正切表。

生平

[編輯]
縮圖

花剌子模嘅生平詳情唔係好清楚。伊本·納迪姆話佢出生喺花剌子模，一般認為佢就係嚟自呢個地區。[19][20][21]

佢係波斯血統，[22][19][23][24][25]佢個名意思係「嚟自花剌子模」，呢個地區以前係大伊朗嘅一部分，[26]而家係土庫曼斯坦同烏茲別克斯坦嘅一部分。[27]

塔巴里話佢全名係穆罕默德·本·穆薩·花剌子模·馬朱西·庫特魯布利（阿拉伯文：محمد بن موسى الخوارزميّ المجوسـيّ القطربّـليّ）。「庫特魯布利」呢個稱號可能表示佢係嚟自巴格達附近嘅庫特魯布（卡特拉布），[28]不過Roshdi Rashed否認呢個講法：[29]

唔使係呢個時期嘅專家或者語言學家都睇得出，塔巴里嘅第二個引用應該係「穆罕默德·本·穆薩·花剌子模同馬朱西·庫特魯布利」，即係兩個人（花剌子模同馬朱西·庫特魯布利）之間嘅連詞「wa」（阿拉伯文「و」，意思係「同」）喺早期抄本中被省略咗。如果唔係因為一連串關於花剌子模個人，甚至佢知識嚟源嘅錯誤，呢個都唔值得一提。最近，G.J. Toomer天真咁喺呢個錯誤上面建構咗個完整嘅幻想，唔得不承認呢個幻想有娛樂讀者嘅功勞。

另一方面，David A. King確認佢嘅尼斯巴係庫特魯布，指出佢被稱為花剌子模·庫特魯布利係因為佢出生喺巴格達郊外。[30]

關於花剌子模嘅宗教信仰，Toomer寫道：[31]

塔巴里畀佢嘅另一個稱號「馬朱西」似乎表示佢係舊拜火教嘅信徒。喺當時，對於一個伊朗血統嘅人嚟講呢個仲係可能嘅，但係花剌子模嘅《代數學》嘅虔誠序言顯示佢係一個正統嘅穆斯林，所以塔巴里嘅稱號可能只係意味住佢嘅祖先，或者佢年輕時係拜火教徒。

伊本·納迪姆嘅al-Fihrist包含咗花剌子模嘅簡短傳記同埋佢嘅著作清單。花剌子模大部分嘅工作係喺813年至833年之間完成嘅。喺穆斯林征服波斯之後，巴格達成為咗科學研究同貿易嘅中心。大約820年，佢被任命為智慧之家嘅天文學家同圖書館館長。[2]:14智慧之家係由阿拔斯哈里發馬蒙建立嘅。花剌子模研究科學同數學，包括翻譯希臘同梵文嘅科學手稿。佢仲係一個歷史學家，經常被塔巴里同Ibn Abi Tahir呢啲人引用。[32]

喺瓦西克統治期間，據講佢參與咗兩次去哈扎爾嘅使節團中嘅第一次。[33]Douglas Morton Dunlop建議穆罕默德·本·穆薩·花剌子模可能同穆罕默德·本·穆薩·本·沙基爾係同一個人，後者係巴努·穆薩兄弟中嘅長兄。[34]

疏仕

[編輯]
  1. ↑ Oaks, J. (2009), "Polynomials and Equations in Arabic Algebra", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 63(2), 169–203.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Maher, P. (1998), "From Al-Jabr to Algebra", Mathematics in School, 27(4), 14–15.
  3. ↑ (Boyer 1991, "The Arabic Hegemony" p. 229) 「唔可以肯定al-jabr同muqabalah呢兩個詞嘅意思係咩，但普遍嘅解釋同上面翻譯出嚟嘅意思類似。al-jabr呢個詞估計意思係『還原』或者『完成』，可能係指將減數移到方程嘅另一邊；muqabalah呢個詞應該係指『簡化』或者『平衡』，即係將方程兩邊相同嘅項目取消。」
  4. ↑ Corbin, Henry (1998). The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy (英文). North Atlantic Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-55643-269-9. 原先內容歸檔喺28 March 2023. 喺19 October 2020搵到.
  5. ↑ Boyer, Carl B.，1985年，《數學史》，頁252，普林斯頓大學出版社。「有時候會話Diophantus係代數之父，但呢個稱號更適合畀al-Khwarizmi…《Al-jabr》比起Diophantus或者Brahmagupta嘅作品更接近今日嘅初等代數。」
  6. ↑ Gandz, Solomon，1936年，《al-Khwarizmi代數嘅來源》，Osiris，卷一，頁263-277，「al-Khwarizmi嘅代數被視為科學嘅基石。某種意義上，al-Khwarizmi比Diophantus更有資格被稱為代數之父，因為佢係第一個教導初等形式代數並以代數本身為目的嘅人，而Diophantus主要係關注數論。」
  7. ↑ Katz, Victor J. "Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching" (PDF). VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. 原著 (PDF)喺27 March 2019歸檔. 喺7 October 2017搵到 –透過University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA. The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.
  8. ↑ Esposito, John L. (6 April 2000). The Oxford History of Islam (英文). Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6. 原先內容歸檔喺28 March 2023. 喺29 September 2020搵到. Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the founder of algebra, and his name gave rise to the term algorithm.
  9. ↑ Brentjes, Sonja (1 June 2007). "Algebra". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE (英文). 原先內容歸檔喺22 December 2019. 喺5 June 2019搵到.
  10. ↑ Knuth, Donald (1979). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science (PDF). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-11157-5. 原著 (PDF)喺7 November 2006歸檔.
  11. ↑ Gandz, Solomon (1926). "The Origin of the Term "Algebra"". The American Mathematical Monthly. 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2299605.
  12. ↑ Struik 1987, p. 93
  13. ↑ Philip Khuri Hitti (2002). History of the Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 379. ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8. 原著喺20 December 2019歸檔.
  14. ↑ Fred James Hill, Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World. Hippocrene Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7818-1015-9. "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the sixteenth century
  15. ↑ Shawn Overbay; Jimmy Schorer; Heather Conger. "Al-Khwarizmi". University of Kentucky. 原先內容歸檔喺12 December 2013.
  16. ↑ "Islam Spain and the history of technology". www.sjsu.edu. 原先內容歸檔喺11 October 2018. 喺24 January 2018搵到.
  17. ↑ van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1985). 《代數史：從al–Khwarizmi到Emmy Noether》。柏林：施普林格出版社。
  18. ↑ Arndt 1983, p. 669
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Saliba, George (September 1998). "Science and medicine". Iranian Studies. 31 (3–4): 681–690. doi:10.1080/00210869808701940. Take, for example, someone like Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwarizmi (fl. 850) may present a problem for the EIr, for although he was obviously of Persian descent, he lived and worked in Baghdad and was not known to have produced a single scientific work in Persian.
  20. ↑ Oaks, Jeffrey A. (2014). "Khwārizmī". 出自 Kalin, Ibrahim (編). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam.第1卷. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 451–459. ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8. 原先內容歸檔喺30 January 2022. 喺6 September 2021搵到.
    「伊本·納迪姆同伊本·基夫蒂都話花剌子模嘅家族嚟自花剌子模，即係鹹海以南嘅地區。」
    另見 → al-Nadīm, Abu'l-Faraj (1871–1872). Kitāb al-Fihrist, ed. Gustav Flügel, Leipzig: Vogel, p. 274. al-Qifṭī, Jamāl al-Dīn (1903). Taʾrīkh al-Hukamā, eds. August Müller & Julius Lippert, Leipzig: Theodor Weicher, p. 286.
  21. ↑ Dodge, Bayard, 編 (1970), The Fihrist of al-Nadīm: A Tenth-Century Survey of Islamic Culture,第2卷, Dodge翻譯, New York: Columbia University Press
  22. ↑ Clifford A. Pickover (2009). The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4027-5796-9. 原先內容歸檔喺28 March 2023. 喺19 October 2020搵到.
  23. ↑ A History of Science in World Cultures: Voices of Knowledge. Routledge. Page 228. "Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780–850) was a Persian astronomer and mathematician from the district of Khwarism (Uzbekistan area of Central Asia)."
  24. ↑ Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences (第1版). Berlin: Springer. pp. 942–943. ISBN 978-3-540-68831-0. Persian mathematician Al-Khowarizmi
  25. ↑ Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Beck, Roger B.; Davila, Jerry; Crowston, Clare Haru; McKay, John P. (2017). A History of World Societies (第11版). Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 419. Near the beginning of this period the Persian scholar al-Khwarizmi (d. ca. 850) harmonized Greek and Indian findings to produce astronomical tables that formed the basis for later Eastern and Western research.
  26. ↑ Encycloaedia Iranica-online, s.v. "CHORASMIA, ii. In Islamic times 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期2 September 2021.," by Clifford E. Bosworth.
  27. ↑ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1960–2005). "Khwārazm". 出自 Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J. (編). The Encyclopaedia of Islam.第IV卷 (第2版). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1060–1065. OCLC 399624.
  28. ↑ "Iraq After the Muslim Conquest", by Michael G. Morony, ISBN 1-59333-315-3 (a 2005 facsimile from the original 1984 book), p. 145 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔，歸檔日期27 June 2014.
  29. ↑ Rashed, Roshdi (1988). "al-Khwārizmī's Concept of Algebra". 出自 Zurayq, Qusṭanṭīn; Atiyeh, George Nicholas; Oweiss, Ibrahim M. (編). Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses : Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk. SUNY Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-88706-698-6. 原先內容歸檔喺28 March 2023. 喺19 October 2015搵到.
  30. ↑ King, David A. (7 March 2018). Astronomy in the Service of Islam. Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation – Centre for the Study of Islamic Manuscripts. 時間 20:51. 原先內容歸檔喺1 December 2021. 喺26 November 2021搵到. 我提到花剌子模嘅另一個名字係想話佢唔係嚟自中亞。佢嚟自巴格達郊外嘅庫特魯布。佢係喺嗰度出世，否則佢唔會被叫做庫特魯布利。好多人話佢嚟自花剌子模，tsk-tsk。
  31. ↑ Toomer 1990
  32. ↑ Template:The History of al-Tabari
  33. ↑ Golden, Peter; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Roná-Tas, András (13 August 2007). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. BRILL. p. 376. ISBN 978-90-474-2145-0.
  34. ↑ Dunlop 1943
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