遷徙自由
遷徙自由 (英文：Freedom of Movement) 係一個人權，意思係一個人應該有喺一個國家之内往來嘅自由[1]，同埋出入一個國家嘅權利。除了探訪之外，一個人亦應該能夠改佢住或者做野嘅地方[2]。
呢個自由喺世界人權宣言嘅第13章表明，亦因爲係國際法嘅規範之一，佢一般都會喺一個國家嘅憲法入面有講。喺世界人權宣言提到：
- 所有人都有遷徙同埋喺一個國家住嘅自由嘅權利
- 所有人都有離開任何國家同埋返去自己嘅國家嘅權利[3]
有啲人同組織提議擴濶呢個自由，除了保障國内嘅來往之外，亦應該保障唔同國家之間嘅來往[4][5]。因爲實際上，遷徙自由係受唔同嘅政府規限，所以喺每個國家，甚至一個國家嘅唔同地區，都其實唔一致[1]。呢啲限制通常都會同公共衛生、國家安全、或者公共秩序等等嘅原因有關[6]。
普遍限制
[編輯]一般國際性嘅走動都會受到限制[6]。喺一個國家之内，唔少未成年人同埋曾經犯過法嘅人都會有對於遷徙自由嘅限制。主要喺歷史上，有啲國家亦會基於種族或者性別而限制呢個自由。除此之外，當一個國家喺打仗嘅時候，戒嚴就會限制人民嘅遷徙自由[7]。
私人財產
[編輯]喺私有財產嘅地方，限制遷徙自由嘅現象並唔罕見。喺某啲範圍，喺私有嘅公眾地方，例如商場或者公園，能夠因爲排除某啲人而限制佢哋嘅遷徙自由亦有爭議。同時，如果有私人財產俾其他嘅私人財產包圍，通常都會有法律保證入面嘅人能夠通過外面嘅私人地方嚟入自己嘅財產。
對於未成年人或者法律上唔能夠自主嘅成年人，父母或者監護人一般都有權限制佢哋嘅出入。
喺工作場所，雇主亦有權法律上限制員工嘅走動。
國内限制
[編輯]政府一般都會為犯法嘅人用監獄嚟限制佢哋嘅走動。某啲唔係坐緊監嘅人，例如有感化令或者被假釋嘅人，都同樣會有對於佢哋嘅遷徙自由嘅限制，嚟保持當地嘅社會秩序。
喺某啲地方，例如喺中國，普遍人民喺國内嘅居住權亦都會受限制[8]。
入境限制
[編輯]雖然國家一般都會容許其他國家嘅人民入境，但係基本上都會有時限，同埋會要求簽證。如果有人違反呢啲規例，一般都會要坐監或者驅逐出境[9]。
其中一個最出名嘅例外就係神根公約國，佢哋簽了公約同意容許佢哋之間嘅人民，自由咁出入同埋逗留。除此之外，喺某啲特定情況，國家會容許有人長期逗留，例如因爲要遵守人道主義嘅責任而接收難民。
睇埋
[編輯]出面網頁
[編輯]- Freedom of Movement and limitations thereof in Cuba
- Freedom of Travel policy within the European Union
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13
- UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 27: Freedom of Movement
攷
[編輯]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jérémiee Gilbert, Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights (2014), p. 73: "Freedom of movement within a country encompasses both the right to travel freely within the territory of the State and the right to relocate oneself and to choose one's place of residence".
- ↑ Kees Groenendijk, Elspeth Guild, and Sergio Carrera, Illiberal Liberal States: Immigration, Citizenship and Integration in the EU (2013), p. 206: "[F]reedom of movement did not only amount to the right to travel freely, to take up residence and to work, but also involved the enjoyment of a legal status characterised by security of residence, the right to family reunification and the right to be treated equally with nationals".
- ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
- ↑ "Libertarians say: Let the immigrant children in". 8 July 2014. 喺15 September 2015搵到.
- ↑ "Why Should We Restrict Immigration?" (PDF). Open Borders. 喺14 September 2015搵到.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dowty, Alan, Closed Borders: the Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement. Yale University Press, 1989.
- ↑ Bauböck, R. (2009). "Global Justice, Freedom of Movement and Democratic Citizenship". European Journal of Sociology. 50 (1): 1. doi:10.1017/s000397560900040x.
- ↑ "12". 喺23 May 2015搵到.
- ↑ Eileen, Denza (14 January 2016). "Freedom of Movement". Diplomatic Law: Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Oxford Commentaries on International Law.第1卷 (第4版). doi:10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0024. ISBN 9780198703969.