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2023–2024年格魯吉亞示威

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
2023–2024年格魯吉亞示威

2023年3月8號，首都第比利斯嘅示威者
日期 2023年3月6–10號 (第一輪)
2024年4月15號 – 6月5號 (第二輪)
地點 格魯吉亞 格魯吉亞
起因 格魯吉亞國會為外國代理人立法
目標 撤回返條外國代理人法案
結果 第一輪：示威成功
  • 國會喺2023年3月10號撤回咗法案[1]

第二輪：示威失敗

  • 國會通過代理人法案[2]
衝突方
格魯吉亞 政府

格魯吉亞國會

格魯吉亞 反對派
指揮人士
Irakli Garibashvili
Irakli Kobakhidze
Bidzina Ivanishvili 		祖拉比什維利
Giorgi Vashadze
Zurab Japaridze
Elene Khoshtaria
人數
唔知 2023：
幾萬示威者[3]
2024：
16.9萬[4]−30萬[5]示威者
傷亡
2023:
58位警察受傷[6]，
幾個要住院[7]

2024:
14位警察受傷[8]

2023:
唔太清楚：
有啲受傷，135人拉咗[9]

2024:
17人傷，185人拉咗[8]

2023–2024年格魯吉亞示威係喺格魯吉亞爆發嘅大型示威，第一輪喺2023年3月發生，第二輪就喺2024年4月爆發，截至2024年5月仍然發生緊。佢哋兩次都係由於格魯吉亞國會討論通過外國代理人嘅法律而引致。

份法案要求任何有至少2成外國資金嘅非政府組織，都一定要宣佈，否則會有刑事懲罰[10][11]。呢份法案最大嘅拗點，就係同俄羅斯外國代理人法（英文：Russian foreign agent law）好似，令反對派認為，係執政黨嘗試拖慢格魯吉亞喺歐洲一體化嘅進度[12]。

過程

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2023年

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2023年3月6號，格魯吉亞國會正式開始對法案做聽證會，期間議員之間發生咗爭執。同時，國會大樓出面亦有示威，要求議員反對呢份法案[13]。之後嗰日，國會通過法案嘅一讀[14]，出面嘅示威繼續升溫[15]。警察開始用催淚彈同水砲嚟嘗試解散示威[16][17]。

3月8號，示威人數加到差唔多幾萬人[3]。到9號，執政黨格魯吉亞夢想黨宣佈會撤回返條法案[18][19]。而所有拉咗嘅示威者都已經釋放咗[20]。到3月10號，國會正式以大多數議員棄權嘅方式，令法案喺二讀失敗[21][22]。

2024年

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2024年4月3號，執政黨格魯吉亞夢想黨再一次提出外國代理人嘅法案，不過改咗字眼，由“外國代理人”變做“帶住外國利益嘅組織”[23][24][11]。國會議長聲稱，提出法案嘅原因係要停止賄賂嘅資金，同時表明“外國”會包括埋俄羅斯[25]。

兩日之後，超過400個非政府組織一齊表名反對呢份法案[26]，而國會嘅反對派亦都異口同聲話會嘗試阻止法案通過[27]。西方組織，包括北約同歐盟，都話佢哋反對呢份法案[28][29][30]。

到4月15號，格魯吉亞國會出面開始出現大型示威。喺同時，國會入面亦出現咗議員打交嘅事[31][32]。示威者要求委員會投反對票[33]，而警察亦警告示威者唔好超過法律對言論自由嘅規限，最終拉咗14個人[34][35]。

4月17號，首都第比利斯出現咗大約2萬位示威者，佢哋圍住國會大廈繼續反對法案[36]。同一日，格魯吉亞總理喺記者會度，聲稱示威者係“破壞緊格魯吉亞嘅和平穩定”。佢仲話啲示威係嘗試“搞革命”、“攻擊東正教”、同埋喺俄烏戰爭度“開第二條戰綫”[37]。

喺4月25號，歐盟議會大比數通過議案，譴責格魯吉亞嘅代理人法案，並且暫時凍結格魯吉亞作為候選國嘅地位，直至法案撤回[38]。同時，議會聲稱如果法案通過，格魯吉亞就再唔會合符哥本哈根標準（英文：Copenhagen criteria），意思即係冇得再加入歐盟[39]。

5月1號，國會以83票支持比23票反對，通過法案嘅二讀[40]。

5月14號，國會正式喺三讀以84票支持對30票反對，通過外國代理人法案[41]。同時間，大廈出面嘅示威者繼續抗議，而國會入面嘅反對派議員亦都出現咗爭執[42]。國會嘅反對派之後宣佈佢哋退出任何國會嘅工作，直至過埋嚟緊10月嘅選舉先會繼續[43][44][45]。國會因為衝突嘅關係，將警戒級別升到紅色[46]。親政府嘅內政部亦發出咗聲明，話示威有暴力嘅情況，呼籲任何示威人士要跟返法律嘅規限[47]。

到5月18號，格魯吉亞總統祖拉比什維利正式否決咗份法案[48][49]。

喺5月28號，喺反對派集體棄權嘅情況底下，格魯吉亞國會以84票贊成比4票反對，大比數推翻總統嘅否決。外國代理人法案正式通過，成為國家嘅法律[50]。同時間，示威者繼續喺街頭抗議，包括喺格魯吉亞夢想黨（當時執政黨）嘅總部外圍抗議[51]。

到6月2號，國家嘅唔同樂隊搞咗個籌款音樂會，幫所有因為示威而畀人拉咗嘅示威者。個音樂會非常成功，喺一日內就已經籌到超過$124,700美金[52]。

參考資料

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  1. ↑ Ritchie, Rhea Mogul,Sophie Tanno,Niamh Kennedy,Hannah (9 March 2023). "Georgia withdraws 'foreign influence' bill but opposition vows more protests". CNN.
  2. ↑ "Georgia's EU dream in tatters as 'foreign agent' bill becomes law". Politico. 2024年5月28號.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Tens Of Thousands In Georgia Rally Against Controversial Bill: AFP". www.barrons.com (美國英文). 喺2023-03-08搵到.
  4. ↑ "Tens of Thousands Protest Against Foreign Agents Law". Civil Georgia (美國英文). 2024-05-12. 喺2024-08-20搵到.
  5. ↑ "Massive Tbilisi protest marks historic turnout". Telewizja Polska (英文). 喺2024-08-20搵到.
  6. ↑ "58 law enforcers injured during transparency bill protests – Interior Ministry". Agenda.ge (英文). 10 March 2023. 喺2023-03-10搵到.
  7. ↑ "Georgia's opposition calls fresh protests over new law after clashes". France 24 (英文). 8 March 2023. 喺2023-03-08搵到.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "პოლიციამ 180-ზე მეტი ადამიანი დააკავა "აგენტების კანონის" საწინააღმდეგო აქციებზე 15 აპრილიდან 15 მაისამდე". 《自由歐洲電台》 (喬治亞文). 2024年5月14號. 原先內容歸檔喺2024年5月15號. 喺30 May 2024搵到.
  9. ↑ "UPDATE: 134 Arrested in March 7–9 Rallies Against Foreign Agents Law". Civil Georgia (英文). 9 March 2023. 喺2023-03-08搵到.
  10. ↑ "Law on "Transparency of Foreign Funding" Passes 76–13 in the First Reading". Civil Georgia. 7 March 2023.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Mamuka Mdinaradze: The bill will be introduced with exactly the same text as last year, with the only difference, instead of the term "agent of foreign influence", the term "organization carrying the interests of a foreign power" will be used". Interpressnews. 2024-04-03. 喺2024-04-15搵到.
  12. ↑ "Georgian parliament backs "Russia-style" foreign agent law despite major protests". Politico.
  13. ↑ "Deputies fight in Georgian Parliament during discussion of law on foreign agents". 6 March 2023.
  14. ↑ John, Katharina Krebs,Caitlin Hu,Vasco Cotovio,Tara (7 March 2023). "Protests erupt as Georgian parliament passes draft foreign agents bill". CNN (英文). 喺2023-03-08搵到.
  15. ↑ "❗️ Protesters in #Tbilisi have broken through barricades and are trying to break into the Georgian parliament building".
  16. ↑ "Georgians protest against draft law on media, nonprofits". ABC News.
  17. ↑ "Thousands protest at Georgian 'foreign agent' bill". BBC. 8 March 2023. 喺8 March 2023搵到.
  18. ↑ "Georgia drops bill on 'foreign agents' after two nights of violent protests". The Guardian. 9 March 2023.
  19. ↑ "UPDATE: Majority Pledges to Withdraw the "Foreign Agent" Bill, But Questions Loom". Civil Georgia. 9 March 2023.
  20. ↑ "Georgia's ruling party withdraws controversial Foreign Agents Bill and releases protesters". euronews (英文). 8 March 2023. 喺2023-03-09搵到.
  21. ↑ "Georgian parliament votes to reject 'foreign agents' bill in second reading". Meduza.
  22. ↑ Ritchie, Rhea Mogul,Sophie Tanno,Niamh Kennedy,Hannah (9 March 2023). "Georgia withdraws 'foreign influence' bill but opposition vows more protests". CNN.
  23. ↑ "Georgia's Ruling Party says it's reintroducing Draft Law on Foreign Agents". 路透社. 2024-04-03.
  24. ↑ "Georgian Ruling Party plans to resubmit controversial Foreign Influence Bill". Euronews. 2024-04-04.
  25. ↑ "MP Mdinaradze: State compelled to address opaque funding; bill targets all foreign funding sources, including Russia". First channel. 2024-04-15. 喺2024-04-15搵到.
  26. ↑ "More than 400 CSOs Denounce Foreign Agents Bill". Civil Georgia. April 8, 2024.
  27. ↑ "Seven opposition parties release joint statement on GD-initiated Foreign Financing Transparency Bill". 1st channel. April 5, 2024.
  28. ↑ "International Reactions to Reintroduction of Draft Law on Foreign Agents". Civil Georgia. April 17, 2024.
  29. ↑ "EU raises concern over reintroduction of bill on transparency of foreign influence in Georgia". Agenda.ge. April 4, 2024.
  30. ↑ "Germany Warns "Foreign Influence" Draft Puts EU Membership at Risk". Civil Georgia. April 5, 2024.
  31. ↑ "MP Elisashvili physically insulted majority leader Mdinaradze". 1st channel. 2024-04-15. 喺2024-04-15搵到.
  32. ↑ "Lawmakers brawl as Georgian Parliament considers 'foreign agent' bill". Al Jazeera. 2024-04-15. 喺2024-04-15搵到.
  33. ↑ "Interior Ministry urges protesters not to exceed norms established by law on freedom". 1st channel. April 15, 2024.
  34. ↑ "MIA issues statement on rally detainees". 1st channel. April 16, 2024.
  35. ↑ "Clashes erupt at Rustaveli Avenue Protest". 1st channel. April 16, 2024.
  36. ↑ "Tens of thousands protest in Georgia as MPs advance contentious 'foreign influence' bill". France 24 (英文). 2024-04-17. 喺2024-04-18搵到.
  37. ↑ "PM Defends Law, Labels CSOs, President "Foreign Agents"". Civil Georgia. 喺18 April 2024搵到.
  38. ↑ "Political Reactions to EU Parliament Resolution". Civil Georgia. 喺26 April 2024搵到.
  39. ↑ "EP Resolution: Accession Negotiation Shouldn't Open Until Foreign Agents Bill is Dropped". Civil Georgia. 喺26 April 2024搵到.
  40. ↑ "Parliament backs Transparency Bill in 2nd reading". 1st channel. 喺1 May 2024搵到.
  41. ↑ "Parliament adopts bill On Transparency of Foreign Influence with third reading". 1st channel. 14 May 2024.
  42. ↑ "Skirmish in Georgian parliament". 1st channel. 14 May 2024.
  43. ↑ "UNM, Lelo announce parliamentary boycott". 1st channel. 14 May 2024.
  44. ↑ ""Strategy Agmashenebeli" also announced a boycott of the work of the Parliament". Interpressnews. 14 May 2024.
  45. ↑ "For Georgia rejects parliamentary boycott, vows to continue fight". 1st channel. 14 May 2024.
  46. ↑ "Parliament to keep red security level on May 14". 1st channel. 14 May 2024.
  47. ↑ "MIA: Manifestation near Parliament turns violent". 1st channel. 14 May 2024.
  48. ↑ "Georgia president vetoes 'foreign agent' law". Politico. 18 May 2024. 喺18 May 2024搵到.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ↑ "President vetoes law On Transparency of Foreign Influence". 1st channel. 18 May 2024. 喺18 May 2024搵到.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ↑ "Georgia parliament overturns veto on foreign agents law". www.bbc.com (英國英文). 原先內容歸檔喺28 May 2024. 喺28 May 2024搵到.
  51. ↑ "Georgian parliament overrides presidential veto of the divisive foreign influence bill". AP News (英文). 28 May 2024. 原先內容歸檔喺29 May 2024. 喺28 May 2024搵到.
  52. ↑ "Rally-Concert Raises Around USD 125 000 for Arrested, Fined Protesters of Agents Law". Civil Georgia. 3 June 2024. 喺10 June 2024搵到.
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