單音音樂
外表
單音音樂(英文:monophony),又叫單音結構[註 1],係最簡單嗰種織體,指成首音樂得嗰一行旋律,冇任何伴奏[1],不過所謂冇伴奏係唔計例如鼓之類冇特定音高嘅敲擊樂器嘅,甚至有伴奏,但係伴奏係一至三個音高嘅持續音或者頻現句(英文:drone)都可以唔計[2],又或者伴奏係同一首旋律隔一個固定音程亦都唔計[3]。
注意音樂學講嘅織體並唔等於音樂業界講嘅質感[註 2];唔同樂器會影響質感,用咗敲擊樂亦會影響質感。單音音樂亦唔亦一定係得一個人或一件樂器,而係多過一個人、多過一件樂器都得,關鍵係啲音全部冇分別[2]。
例
[編輯]唔會有爭議嘅例
[編輯]例如乜嘢伴奏都冇嘅《Pop Goes the Weasel》旋律就係一首單音音樂:
![% 原圖:File:Pop Goes the Weasel updated.png
% 參考咗:https://archive.org/details/lowes-selection-of-popular-country-dances/page/15/mode/1up
S = \transpose c c' {
\time 6/8 c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e)] c4 r8 | c4 c8(d4-.) d8 | e4. c8 r4 |
c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e-.]) c4 r8 | a8-> r4 d4 f8 | e4. c8 r4 \bar "||"
}
\header { tagline = "" }
\score { \layout { indent = 0 line-width = 14.8\cm ragged-last = ##f } \S }
\score { \midi { \tempo 4 = 144 } { \S s4 }} % dummy rest added to prevent abrupt cutoff](http://upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/u/3uc3v932czq2zav0b2axoe0pilz39i8/3uc3v932.png)
但係因為唔計冇音高嘅敲擊樂,加咗搖鼓仍然都係單音音樂:
![% 原圖:File:Pop Goes the Weasel updated.png
% 參考咗:https://archive.org/details/lowes-selection-of-popular-country-dances/page/15/mode/1up
S = \transpose c c' {
\time 6/8 c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e)] c4 r8 | c4 c8(d4-.) d8 | e4. c8 r4 |
c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e-.]) c4 r8 | a8-> r4 d4 f8 | e4. c8 r4 \bar "||"
}
Tambourine = \drummode {
tamb4. tamb | tamb4. tamb4 tamb8 |
\repeat unfold 2 { tamb4 tamb8 tamb4. | tamb4 tamb8 tamb4 tamb8 | }
\repeat tremolo 4 { tamb32 } r4 tamb4 tamb8 | \repeat tremolo 4 { tamb32 } r4 tamb4.
}
\header { tagline = "" }
#(define (exp n) (make-music 'ContextSpeccedMusic 'context-type 'Staff 'element
(make-music 'PropertySet 'value n 'symbol 'midiExpression))) % \set Staff.midiExpression = #n
\score {
\layout {
indent = 0 line-width = 14.8\cm ragged-last = ##f
\context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #1/2 }
}
<<
\new Staff \S
\new RhythmicStaff \Tambourine
>>
}
\score {
\midi { \tempo 4 = 144 \context { \Score midiReverbLevel = 0.5 }}
<<
\new Staff <<
{
\S s4 % dummy rest added to prevent abrupt cutoff
}{ % MIDI control channel
\set Staff.midiInstrument = "fiddle"
\repeat unfold 6 {
#(exp 0.95) s8 #(exp 0.82) s4 #(exp 0.88) s8 #(exp 0.8) s4
}
#(exp 1) s4. #(exp 0.88) s8 #(exp 0.8) % m7
#(exp 0.95) s4. #(exp 0.88) s8 #(exp 0.75) % m8
}
>>
\new DrumStaff <<
{
\unfoldRepeats { \Tambourine }
}{ % MIDI control channel
\set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = 0.75
#(exp 0.6) s4. #(exp 0.72) s % m1
#(exp 0.85) s #(exp 1) s % m2
\repeat unfold 4 { #(exp 1) s4 #(exp 0.85) s8 #(exp 0.95) s4 #(exp 0.8) s8) }
\repeat unfold 2 {
#(exp 1) s32 \repeat unfold 3 {
#(exp (div (add 80 (random 20)) 100))) s
}
s4 #(exp 0.75) s4 #(exp 0.5) s8
}
}
>>
>>
}](http://upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/z/mzgjy9ire7ohwolhjdjqaklk16a9i4f/mzgjy9ir.png)
相差八度聽落係同一個音;如果 「伴奏」 係旋律高或者低八度,仍然係單音音樂(管風琴用咗某啲設定,彈單音可以造出類似效果,電結他用咗某啲效果器亦可以):
![% 原圖:File:Pop Goes the Weasel updated.png
% 參考咗:https://archive.org/details/lowes-selection-of-popular-country-dances/page/15/mode/1up
S = \transpose c c' {
\time 6/8 c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e)] c4 r8 | c4 c8(d4-.) d8 | e4. c8 r4 |
c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e-.]) c4 r8 | a8-> r4 d4 f8 | e4. c8 r4 \bar "||"
}
\header { tagline = "" }
\score {
\layout { indent = 0 line-width = 14.8\cm ragged-last = ##f }
<<
\new Staff \transpose c c' { \S }
\new Staff { \S }
>>
}
\score {
\midi { \tempo 4 = 144 \context { \Score midiReverbLevel = 0.5 }}
<<
\new Staff {
\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piccolo"
\transpose c c' \S
}
\new Staff { \S s4 } % dummy rest added to prevent abrupt cutoff
>>
}](http://upload.wikimedia.org/score/5/o/5o170mqy5kozgh2l6lifw616l3lmtkq/5o170mqy.png)
可能有爭議嘅例子
[編輯]伴奏固定係同旋律相差八度以外嘅其他音程亦唔算數,算係單音音樂(多過一個樂手,一個用移調樂器,另一個用非移調樂器,但係睇同一個譜,會自然得出呢種效果):
![% 原圖:File:Pop Goes the Weasel updated.png
% 參考咗:https://archive.org/details/lowes-selection-of-popular-country-dances/page/15/mode/1up
S = \transpose c c' {
\time 6/8 c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e)] c4 r8 | c4 c8(d4-.) d8 | e4. c8 r4 |
c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e-.]) c4 r8 | a8-> r4 d4 f8 | e4. c8 r4 \bar "||"
}
\header { tagline = "" }
\score {
\layout { indent = 0 line-width = 14.8\cm ragged-last = ##f }
<<
\new Staff { \S }
\new Staff { \clef bass \transpose c g, \S }
>>
}
\score {
\midi { \tempo 4 = 144 \context { \Score midiReverbLevel = 0.5 }}
<<
\new Staff { \S s4 } % dummy rest added to prevent abrupt cutoff
\new Staff {
\set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = 0.75
\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"harmonica"
\transpose c g, \S
}
>>
}](http://upload.wikimedia.org/score/j/c/jch2krxeud9nj6g18sqws87ybtpv7dy/jch2krxe.png)
伴奏係持續音唔算數,加咗都算係單音音樂,不過有啲人會叫呢種做雙音音樂:
![% 原圖:File:Pop Goes the Weasel updated.png
% 參考咗:https://archive.org/details/lowes-selection-of-popular-country-dances/page/15/mode/1up
S = \transpose c c' {
\time 6/8 c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e)] c4 r8 | c4 c8(d4-.) d8 | e4. c8 r4 |
c4 c8 d4 d8 | e8([g e-.]) c4 r8 | a8-> r4 d4 f8 | e4. c8 r4 \bar "||"
}
B = \transpose c c, { \repeat unfold 8 { c2. }}
\header { tagline = "" }
\score {
\layout { indent = 0 line-width = 14.8\cm ragged-last = ##f }
<<
\new Staff { \S }
\new Staff { \clef bass \B }
>>
}
\score {
\midi { \tempo 4 = 144 \context { \Score midiReverbLevel = 0.5 }}
<<
\new Staff { \S s4 } % dummy rest added to prevent abrupt cutoff
\new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric bass (finger)" \B }
>>
}](http://upload.wikimedia.org/score/e/k/ekvfv2q4gyz7z30c2946oizcvuzo3dm/ekvfv2q4.png)
參考資料
[編輯]- ↑ Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, 7th edition, vol. 1. Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 136.
- 1 2 3 Bent, Ian. "Monophony". Sonic Glossary (英文). Columbia University. 喺2024年11月2號搵到.
- ↑ Farrant, Dan (7 March 2024). "12 Examples Of Songs With Monophonic Texture" (英文). 喺2024年10月31號搵到.
- ↑ Hines, Edward J. "What Are Makams Part 2" (英文). 喺2024年10月31號搵到.
註
[編輯]- ↑ 譯名見:劉繼智 (2009)。〈香港天主教中文聖樂的發展: 劉榮耀神父的貢獻〉 (PDF) (香港中文)。天主教香港教區。頁 13。喺2024年10月22號搵到。
- ↑ 喺英文兩樣嘢都係叫 texture。