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衝動控制障礙

出自維基百科,自由嘅百科全書
衝動控制障礙
分類同拎
醫學專科精神病學臨床心理學
ICD-9-CM312.30、312.39

衝動控制障礙(又叫 ICD,取自英文全名[註 1]嘅簡稱)係一大類嘅心理病。呢啲心理病嘅共通點係患者成日都控制唔到自己嘅衝動,有某啲行為佢哋可能明知會帶嚟不良後果都忍唔住去做[1],例如有衝動購物症嘅人,佢哋成日一見到想要嘅就買,可能明知買咗會搞到自己財政赤字或者爭落好多咭數都唔受控制噉買[2][3]

同 ICD 有相關嘅病症包括過度活躍症自閉症譜系障礙物質使用障礙行為上癮反社會型人格障礙邊緣型人格障礙同埋情緒病... 等等。除此之外,某啲神經退化病亦可以提升患者出現 ICD 嘅機率,例如柏金遜症就係噉[3]

主要徵狀

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依家畀一個人喺即刻攞到一件蛋糕七日後攞到一個完整蛋糕當中二揀一,佢會點揀呢?
衝動購物症患者:「買咗咁多嘢,真係過癮。不過今個月月尾要找咭數嗰陣就大件事喇。」
内文:性格衝動自控

ICD 最重要嘅特徵係患者控制唔到自己嘅衝動[4]

心理學精神醫學上,控制衝動可以簡化噉想像為短期嘅細得益長遠嘅大得益之間嘅決擇。試諗將一隻老鼠放喺個籠裡便,籠內有兩個掣,佢撳 A 掣可以即刻攞到一粒嘢食,而撳 B 掣就要等五分鐘攞到五粒同樣嘅嘢食[5]人類行為都可以噉樣想像:想像有個人,佢想狂買嘢;佢有足夠嘅認知能力,知道買晒啲嘢會喺短時間內好過癮,但係佢亦知道,使咁多錢買嘢到咗月尾要找咭數嗰陣就會感受到後果(長遠會快感總量大跌)——即係話佢要喺短期嘅細嚿利益長期嘅大嚿利益當中二揀一。而實證嘅心理學研究表明,人與人之間喺呢種決擇行為上有差異,有啲人硬係冇咁重視長遠利益,比較傾向會為咗短期快感犧牲長期利益,而佢哋當中有部份人「重視短期快感」嘅傾向強到對佢哋生活造成明顯嘅負面影響,例如係搞到佢哋爭落好多咭數,噉呢啲人就好可能係有某啲種類嘅 ICD [6][7]

ICD 嘅具體徵狀係乜,亦可以取決於患者嘅年齡、面對緊乜嘢衝動控制問題、生活環境、同性別

柏金遜症屬於神經退化病,後期柏金遜症嘅併發症可能包括各種衝動控制方面嘅問題,包括唔受控制噉飲食、買嘢或者強迫性嘅賭博[8]性行為同相關行為。流行病學研究顯示,有 13.6-36.0% 嘅柏金遜症患者都會出現至少一種衝動控制嘅問題[9][10][11][12]

障礙類型

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美國精神醫學學會出版嘅精神病診斷同統計手冊(DSM)將心理病分好晒類[13][14],亦不溜有提到 ICD 以及係 ICD 要點分類。唔同版本嘅 DSM 對心理病嘅分類法有些少唔同。一般嚟講,以下呢啲心理病都屬於 ICD 或者係同 ICD 好相近[註 2]

  • 性慾亢進:涉及患者有強烈同重複嘅性慾,佢哋控制唔到做性行為嘅衝動,而呢點對佢哋嘅生活造成負面影響[15];當中負面影響可以包括好多嘢,例如佢可能會成日做高風險嘅性行為、惹到性病、以及係意外懷孕呀噉。由於呢種病咁隱蔽,患病率比較難確實估計,有美國學者喺一九九〇年代初做研究,估計美國人口性慾亢進嘅患病率係 5-6% 而當中男性個案多過女性[16]
  • 行為上癮:行為上癮係指患者某啲行為做上癮[註 3]而佢哋嘅行為對佢哋嘅生活產生負面影響,例如沉迷打機就係指患者控制唔到自己嘅衝動去打機,好多時打到荒廢晒學業同埋社交生活;唔同種類嘅行為上癮喺唔同年齡、社經地位教育程度嘅人身上都可以見到。行為上癮同 ICD 關係密切,亦有部份研究者會將行為上癮當係 ICD 嘅一種[16]
  • 衝動購物症:患者經常有無法抵抗嘅購物慾,就算係唔需要或者負擔唔起嘅嘢都照買,對佢哋嘅財政造成顯著影響,而且佢哋好多時都會因此感到後悔[17][18]。有人喺二〇〇一年嘅美國做過研究,估計大約 2-8% 嘅成年人有衝動購物症嘅問題,當中 80-90% 嘅係女性,通常喺青少年期後期或者廿幾歲嗰陣發病,通常係長期嘅[19]
  • 縱火狂:患者反覆出現衝動想故意放火,患者好多時仲有攻擊性方面嘅行為問題。根據美國嘅研究估計,有大約 2.4-3.5% 嘅兒童同青少年都有縱火狂嘅傾向[16]
  • 偷竊症:患者反覆出現衝動,想偷走某啲物件,縱使佢哋根本完全冇需要噉做——佢哋有錢買嗰樣嘢,而且並唔需要嗰樣物品。根據美國嘅研究估計,每 1000 人入便就有 6 個偷竊症嘅患者,而每年大約 5% 嘅店舖盜竊個案都係源於偷竊症嘅[16]

... 等等。

神經機制

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呢幅係人腦立體模型,當中紅色嗰兩嚿係左右腦嘅紋狀體

好多精神醫學心理學研究者都致力研究 ICD 背後由邊啲腦區或者腦神經機制主宰。

廿一世紀初嘅研究指,紋狀體[註 4]可能係將 ICD、強迫症物質使用障礙(患者唔受控制噉濫用煙酒等嘅物質)聯繫埋一齊嘅關鍵。呢啲病症都涉及患者控制唔到自己嘅某啲行為,明知,而腦神經學研究表示強迫症後期出現嘅「衝動」源自腹側紋狀體迴路逐漸失調,而 ICD 同物質使用障礙就涉及背側紋狀體迴路嘅失調會加劇,增加由強迫過程驅使嘅 ICD 同物質使用行為[20]

廿世紀嗰時,精神醫學界認為強迫症同 ICD 嘅主要分別係前者出自患者想避免傷害,而後者就出自患者追求某啲心理犒賞,但係事實表明呢點並唔成立,例如某啲強迫症患者做嘅強迫行為,似係由追求犒賞帶動嘅,例如係囤積[20]

睇埋

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參考

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註釋:

  1. 衝動控制障礙個英文全名:impulse control disorder
  2. 喺 DSM 第五版當中,爛賭唔再被歸類為 ICD。
  3. 而非對某啲物質(毒品呀噉)上癮
  4. 紋狀體個英文名:striatum

引用來源:

  1. Weintraub D, Mamikonyan E. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Am J Psychiatry 2019;176(1):5-11.
  2. Parra‐Díaz, P., Chico‐García, J. L., Beltrán‐Corbellini, Á., Rodríguez‐Jorge, F., Fernández‐Escandón, C. L., Alonso‐Cánovas, A., & Martínez‐Castrillo, J. C. (2021). Does the country make a difference in impulse control disorders? A systematic review. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 8(1), 25-32,呢篇綜述文講到唔同國家地區嘅 ICD 普遍程度唔同,當中東亞各地嘅 ICD 出現率略低於歐美
  3. 3.0 3.1 Vargas AP, Costa Cardoso FE. Impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson's disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008;27(8):721-727.
  4. What are Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders?. American Psychiatric Association,佢哋噉講:"These are a group of disorders that are linked by varying difficulties in controlling aggressive behaviors, self-control, and impulses. Typically, the resulting behaviors or actions are considered a threat primarily to others’ safety and/or to societal norms. Some examples of these issues include fighting, destroying property, defiance, stealing, lying, and rule breaking."
  5. Rung, J. M., & Madden, G. J. (2018). Experimental reductions of delay discounting and impulsive choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of experimental psychology: general, 147(9), 1349.
  6. Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999). Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers (PDF). Psychopharmacology, 146(4), 447-454.
  7. Odum, A. L. (2011). Delay discounting: trait variable?. Behavioural processes, 87(1), 1-9.
  8. Grant, Jon E.; Chamberlain, Samuel R. (2020-04-20). "Gambling and substance use: Comorbidity and treatment implications". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 99: 109852. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109852. ISSN 0278-5846.
  9. Weintraub D (2009). "S.14.04 Impulse control disorder: Prevalence and possible risk factors". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 19: S196–S197. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(09)70247-0. S2CID 54348841.
  10. Stacy M (May 2009). "Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease". F1000 Medicine Reports. 1 (29). doi:10.3410/M1-29. PMC 2924724. PMID 20948752.
  11. Biundo R, Weis L, Abbruzzese G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Cortelli P, Jori MC, Lopiano L, Marconi R, Matinella A, Morgante F, Nicoletti A, Tamburini T, Tinazzi M, Zappia M, Vorovenci RJ, Antonini A (November 2017). "Impulse control disorders in advanced Parkinson's disease with dyskinesia: The ALTHEA study". Movement Disorders. 32 (11): 1557–1565. doi:10.1002/mds.27181. PMID 28960475. S2CID 5087420.
  12. Erga AH, Alves G, Larsen JP, Tysnes OB, Pedersen KF (2017-02-07). "Impulsive and Compulsive Behaviors in Parkinson's Disease: The Norwegian ParkWest Study". Journal of Parkinson's Disease. 7 (1): 183–191. doi:10.3233/jpd-160977. PMC 5302042. PMID 27911342.
  13. Varley, Christopher. "Overview of DSM-V Changes" (PDF).
  14. Zakiniaeiz, Y., Solorzano, M., & Potenza, M. N. (2017). Impulse Control Disorders: Diagnosis. In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology (pp. 1762-1764). SAGE Publications, Inc..
  15. Grubbs, J. B., Hoagland, K. C., Lee, B. N., Grant, J. T., Davison, P., Reid, R. C., & Kraus, S. W. (2020). Sexual addiction 25 years on: A systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research. Clinical Psychology Review, 82, 101925. Table 1
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Dell'Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E (December 2006). "Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 256 (8): 464–75. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0668-0. PMC 1705499. PMID 16960655.
  17. Grant, Jon E., and Marc N. Potenza. "Impulse control disorders: clinical characteristics and pharmacological management." Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 16.1 (2004): 27-34.
  18. Ching, Terence HW, et al. "Gender differences in pathways to compulsive buying in Chinese college students in Hong Kong and Macau." Journal of behavioral addictions 5.2 (2016): 342-350.
  19. Dell’Osso, B., Altamura, A. C., Allen, A., Marazziti, D., & Hollander, E. (2006). Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 256, 464-475,佢噉講:"A recent study on C-I shopping disorder estimated the prevalence of this disorder to be between 2% and 8% of the general adult population in the US; 80% to 95% of those affected are female (Table 1). Onset occurs in the late teens or early twenties, and the disorder is generally chronic."
  20. 20.0 20.1 Fontenelle LF, Oostermeijer S, Harrison BJ, Pantelis C, Yücel M (May 2011). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorders and drug addiction: common features and potential treatments". Drugs. 71 (7): 827–40. doi:10.2165/11591790-000000000-00000. PMID 21568361. S2CID 26271117.
  21. Gibson, E., Griffiths, M. D., Calado, F., & Harris, A. (2023). Videogame player experiences with micro-transactions: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 145, 107766.

連結

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