| Facebook Inc. | |
Facebook自2023年9月開始用嘅撈稿 | |
| 類型 | 社交網絡服務 |
|---|---|
| 股票代號 | 納斯達克:FB |
| 開檔 | 2004年2月4號 |
| 創辦人 | 朱克伯格 德斯汀·莫斯科維茲 基斯·曉治 安德魯·麥高林 愛德華多·薩維林 |
| 董事長 | 朱克伯格(兼總裁) |
| 行政總裁 | 朱克伯格(兼產品總監) |
| 總部地址 | 美國麻省劍橋 |
| 業務地區 | 美國(2004–05) 世界各地(2005–) |
| 產業 | 互聯網、社群網路服務 |
| 年營業額 | ▲ US$179.28億(2015年) |
| 網址 | facebook.com |
Facebook(亦都係facebook、廣東話民間譯名做面書,納斯達克:FB )係一個由美國科技集團Meta平台擁有嘅美國社交媒體同社交網絡服務網站。Facebook係由朱克伯格同其餘4個哈佛大學學生兼室友喺2004年創辦。「Facebook」嘅名源自美國大學生成日用嘅Face_book通訊錄。最初,會員淨係畀美國哈佛大學嘅大學生註冊,不過後來逐漸擴展到其他北美嘅大學,加入嘅學生人數越嚟越多。
自2006年以來,Facebook畀任何13歲以上嘅人註冊,但少數國家嘅年齡要求係14歲[1]。截至2023年12月,Facebook自己話佢嘅全球每月有接近30.7億個活躍用家[2]。截至2025年7月,Facebook係最受歡迎網站嘅第3位,其中流量嘅23%嚟自美國[3]。呢個係2010年代下載次數最多嘅流動應用程式[4]。
用家可以透過連接上網嘅裝置嚟存取Facebook,例如係個人電腦、平板電腦同埋智能電話。用戶喺註冊咗之後,可以建立個人資料,同埋展示自己嘅個人資訊。佢哋可以發布文字、相同埋多媒體內容,仲同埋同意加佢做好友嘅其他用戶分享,或者透過唔同嘅隱私設定公開嚟分享。用家仲可以透過Messenger嚟即時直接交流同埋編輯訊息(發送之後15分鐘內有效)[5][6]、加入共同嘅興趣小組,仲有接收Facebook好友活動同埋追蹤頁面嘅通知。
Facebook成日會因為例如Facebook同劍橋分析數據醜聞嘅用戶私隱、例如2016年美國大選嘅政治操縱,同埋大規模監控等等呢啲問題而受到批評[7]。嗰間公司亦都因為佢嘅成癮同埋低自我肯定等等嘅心理影響,仲有假新聞、陰謀論、侵犯版權同埋仇恨言論等等嘅內容而受到批評[8]。評論嘅人士指責Facebook特登促進傳播呢類內容,仲誇大佢哋嘅用戶數量嚟吸引廣告商。
歷史
[編輯]Facebook喺2004年2月4號創辦。佢嘅發展歷史可以追溯到佢由1個大學社交網站發展而成嘅全球社交網路服務嘅過程[9]。

朱克伯格喺2000年代初响菲臘士雅息特學院讀書嗰時識咗
2003年,朱克伯格喺哈佛大學讀書嗰時創立咗1個叫做「Facemash」嘅網站。嗰個網站類似「係咪性感」,用咗嚟自線上面書嘅相,畀用家去揀「性感啲」嘅人[11]。朱克伯格因為咁而畀人舉報仲面臨被踢出校嘅處分[11],不過指控最後被撤銷咗[11]。
「Face_book」係1個包含咗相同個人資料嘅學生通訊錄。朱克伯格喺2004年1月編寫咗1個叫做「TheFacebook」嘅新網站,仲話:
| 「 | 好明顯,建立1個集中式網站所需要嘅技術已經可以隨手攞得到...好處係好多。 |
」 |
朱克伯格同哈佛大學嘅同學愛德華多·薩維林見面,佢哋兩個都各自同意投資$1,000美金[12]。2004年2月4號,朱克伯格就將「TheFacebook」正式推出[13]。
Facebook嘅會員最初淨係限住喺哈佛大學嘅學生,德斯汀·莫斯科維茲、安德魯·麥高林仲有基斯·曉治加入朱克伯格嘅團隊,幫手管理網站嘅發展[14]。美國同加拿大嘅大部分大學陸續都跟住開始用Facebook[15][16]。2004年,Napster嘅聯合創辦人桑·柏加做咗公司嘅總裁[17],而公司搬到去加州帕羅奧圖[18]。PayPal嘅聯合創始人彼得·蒂爾對Facebook做咗第1次投資[19][20]。2005年,就喺公司買咗「Facebook.com」嘅域名之後,佢哋就喺個名度刪除咗「the」呢個字[21]。
2006年,Facebook嘅帳戶開放畀所有年滿13歲,而且擁有有效嘅電郵地址嘅人去註冊[22][23][24]。Facebook推出咗好似動態消息等等咁樣嘅重點功能,呢啲功能成為咗用家互動嘅核心。到咗2007年年尾,Facebook已經有10萬個專頁,而公司就喺呢啲專頁上面宣傳自己[25]。Facebook嘅全球流量超越咗MySpace,成為全球最受歡迎嘅社交媒體平台。微軟宣布用$2.4億美金(相當於2024年嘅3.64億美金)收購咗Facebook嘅1.6%股份,呢個意味住Facebook嘅價值大約係$150億美金(相當於2024年嘅$227億美金)。Facebook專注喺透過基於用家嘅個人數據嘅目標式廣告嚟創造收入,呢種模式推動咗佢財務成長得好快。Facebook喺2012年上市,成為咗科技史上規模最大嘅其中一個IPO。併購對Facebook嘅主導地位裡面起到咗重要作用。佢喺2012年收購咗Instagram,跟住喺2014年收購咗WhatsApp同埋Oculus VR,將佢嘅影響力由社交網絡擴展去到即時通訊同埋虛擬實境嘅領域。根據Mashable嘅報導,朱克伯格宣布投資$600億美金喺Meta_AI。
2018年,Facebook同劍橋分析數據醜聞揭露咗嗰間公司濫用咗用家數據嚟影響選舉,引發咗全球強烈抗議,仲搞到監管機構罰錢同埋要開聽證會。Facebook喺全球事件裡面所扮演嘅角色,包括佢喺組織「阿拉伯之春」呢啲運動嘅作用,同埋佢對喺緬甸羅興亞人種族滅絕等等事件嘅影響,突顯咗呢樣嘢既係可以作為賦權工具,亦都係傷害工具嘅雙重性質。2021年,Facebook重新命名做Meta,反映出佢哋而家係向住建立「元宇宙」嘅概念嚟轉變,仲專注喺虛擬實境同埋擴張實境嘅科技。
功能
[編輯]Facebook嘅用家之間可以透過雙方同意做朋友嚟加對方做好友[26]。貼文可以設定做公開畀所有人都睇得見、好友先可以睇到、特定群組成員先可以睇到,又或者淨係畀特定嘅好友去睇[27]。用家可以加入群組[28],而群組係由有共同興趣嘅人組成,例如佢哋可能係去同一個體育會所、住喺同一個屋苑、養同一種寵物或者有共同嘅嗜好[28]。除非設定做公開,如果唔係,群組嘅貼文淨係畀群組裡面嘅成員先至可以睇到[29]。
Facebook官方並冇正式發佈帖文最多嘅字數限制;不過,用家嘅帖文可以好長,非官方嘅來源表明可能有好高嘅字數上限。帖文亦都可以包括圖片同埋影片。根據 Facebook嘅官方商業文件,影片可以長到去240分鐘,檔案晒士可以去到10GB,同埋支援高到去1080p嘅解像度[30]。
Facebook用家可以喺Facebook嘅Marketplace又或者買賣交換群組入面去買賣同埋交換嘢[31][32]。Facebook用家可以發布活動廣告,呢啲活動可以係線下活動,亦都可以喺Facebook上面或者Facebook以外嘅網站發布[33]。
網站
[編輯]
讚撳掣
[編輯]
2009年2月9號,Facebook第1次啟用「豎起大拇指」圖示嘅風格化撳掣[34],令到用家可以輕鬆咁去更新狀態、評論、相同埋片,同好友分享嘅連結同埋廣告嚟做互動。用家撳咗嗰個掣之後,指定內容更加有可能出現喺朋友嘅動態消息[35][36]。呢個掣會顯示其他使用者撳讚嗰個內容嘅數目[37] 撳「讚」嘅功能喺2010年6月擴展去到評論[38]。
2016年2月,Facebook將「撳讚」擴展做「
技術方面
[編輯]由於朱克伯格係患咗紅綠色盲,所以嗰個網站嘅主色調就用咗藍色。呢個發現源自佢大約喺2007年左右做嘅1項測試之後實現[44][45]。Facebook最初係用PHP嚟建立,而PHP係一種為咗開發網頁而設計嘅流行程式語言[46]。PHP用嚟建立動態內容同埋去管理Facebook應用程式伺服器嗰邊嘅資料。朱克伯格同埋聯合創辦人揀咗PHP係因為佢嘅簡單易用,令到佢哋可以快啲開發同埋部署Facebook嘅初始版本。隨住Facebook用家群同埋功能嘅增長,嗰間公司遇到過PHP嘅可擴展性同埋效能方面嘅挑戰。Facebook嘅工程師為咗回應呢個問題,佢哋開發咗各種工具同埋技術嚟優化PHP嘅效能。最重要嘅其中1樣係創建咗HipHop虛擬機(HHVM)。呢樣嘢顯著咁提升咗喺Facebook伺服器上面PHP程式碼嘅執行效能同埋效率。
2011年1月,呢個網站由HTTP升級去到更加安全嘅HTTPS[47]。
2012年架構
[編輯]Facebook係作為1個單體應用程式嚟開發嘅。根據2012年對Facebook構建工程師
Facebook用咗基於HBase嘅組合平台嘅跨分散式機器嚟儲存資料。事件用咗尾部追蹤架構嚟儲存喺日誌檔案裡面,仲對日誌做追蹤。系統將呢啲事件匯總仲寫入去儲存。然後,使用者介面就會拉啲資料出嚟仲顯示畀用家去睇。Facebook將請求睇成係AJAX行為。呢啲要求會用由Facebook開發嘅Scribe寫入去日誌檔案嗰度[49]。
程式人員用Ptail喺呢啲日誌檔案裡面讀取資料。Ptail係一款內部建構嘅工具,用嚟夾埋嚟自幾個Scribe儲存嘅資料。呢樣嘢會對日誌檔案去做追蹤仲去攞資料。Ptail嘅資料會分成3個部分,仲會傳送去到唔同數據中心嘅叢集裡面(外掛程式展示、新聞推送展示、外掛程式同埋新聞推送嘅操作)。Puma係用嚟管理高數據流量嘅時段(輸入/輸出或者IO)。資料用批次處理嘅方式嚟處理,用嚟減少高需求時段所需要嘅讀寫次數(一篇熱門文章會產生大量嘅展示同新聞推送展示,嚟搞到有好大嘅數據偏差)。每1.5秒就做一次批量處理,具體取決於建立雜湊表嗰陣用嘅記憶體[49]。
數據然後就會用PHP格式輸出。後端係用Java嚟寫。Thrift用嚟做傳遞訊息嘅格式,等PHP程式可以查詢到Java服務。快取解決方案可以更快咁樣顯示頁面出嚟。資料跟住之後被傳送去到MapReduce伺服器,仲透過Hive嚟做查詢。呢個資料因為喺Hive嗰度恢復而可以用嚟做備份[49]。
內容傳遞網路(CDN)
[編輯]Facebook用咗自己嘅內容傳遞網絡或者網域係fbcdn.net嘅「邊緣網絡」嚟提供靜態資料[50][51]。Facebook直到2010年代中都依賴阿卡邁科技嚟提供CDN服務[52][53][54]。
黑客程式語言
[編輯]2014年3月20號,Facebook發布咗一種叫做黑客語言嘅新開源碼嘅程式語言。Facebook喺正式發布之前,佢嘅大部分功能已經用緊呢種新語言運作同埋做「實戰檢驗」[55]。
用家個人資料/個人時間軸
[編輯]每個Facebook嘅註冊用家都會有一個用嚟顯示佢哋嘅貼文同埋內容嘅個人資料頁面[56]。
2011年9月,用家嘅個人資料嘅格式進行咗改版,仲改名做「
Facebook喺2007年推出咗畀啲品牌同埋名人去同佢哋嘅粉絲互動嘅「
2014年2月,Facebook擴展咗佢哋嘅性別設定,新增咗個自訂輸入框去畀用家喺幾種性別認同裡面去揀。用家仲可以設定網站裡面用嚟指稱佢哋性別嘅代名詞[64][65][66]。Facebook喺同年5月推出咗一項新功能,畀用家去問其他用戶喺佢個人資料入面未公開嘅資料。如果用家冇提供到例如係位置、鄉下或者關係狀態呢啲重要資料,其他用家可以用新加嘅「
動態消息
[編輯]動態消息會出現喺每個用家頁面嘅首頁嚟突顯包括咗個人檔案嘅改變、嚟緊會舉行嘅活動同埋朋友生日在內嘅資訊[69]。垃圾郵件嘅發送人同埋其他用家咁樣就可以透過建立虛假嘅事件或者係發佈假嘅生日日期嚟吸引其他人關注佢哋嘅個人檔案或者活動,嚟操縱呢啲功能[70]。最初,動態消息引起咗Facebook用家嘅不滿;有啲用家呻佢太過亂糟糟,充斥住冇必要嘅資訊,有啲用家就擔心呢個網站令到其他人更加容易啲去追蹤個別活動(例如係感情狀態嘅變化、事件仲有同其他用戶嘅對話)[71]。朱克伯格就住呢個網站未能夠包含適當嘅私隱功能而道歉。之後,用家可以控制同朋友自動分享邊啲類型嘅資料。現在,用家可以阻止特定類型嘅朋友睇到某啲類型活動嘅更新,包括個人資料嘅改變、動態消息嘅帖文同埋新加嘅朋友[72]。
2010年2月23號,Facebook攞咗1項關於佢喺動態消息嘅某方面專利[73],呢項專利涵蓋咗提供動態消息嘅連結,用嚟方便用戶可以參與另一個用戶嘅活動[74]。用戶嘅動態消息入面嘅排序同顯示係由EdgeRank演算法嚟控制[75]。「照片」應用程式可讓使用者上傳相簿和照片。佢哋嘅相片應用程式可以畀用家上傳相簿同埋相片[76],每個相簿最多可以包括200張相[77]。隱私設定適用喺個別嘅相簿。用家可以喺張相嗰度「標籤」朋友。用家嘅朋友喺呢個時候就會收到一個關於嗰個標籤嘅通知,入面會有包含住嗰張相嘅連結[78]。
呢項照片標籤功能由Facebook嘅現任設計策略主管
2012年6月7號,Facebook推出咗佢嘅應用程式中心,幫用家去搵遊戲同埋其他應用程式[81]。
2015年5月13號, Facebook同各大主流新聞入口網站合作推出「
2017年1月,Facebook喺愛爾蘭推出咗iOS同Android版Facebook Stories嘅功能,嗰個功能借鑒咗Snapchat同埋Instagram嘅Stories模式,畀啲用家上載出現喺佢朋友同追蹤者嘅動態消息上面嘅相同埋片,然後喺24個鐘之後消失[84]。
2017年10月11號,Facebook推出咗3D帖子嘅功能畀用家上載互動式嘅3D素材[85]。2018年1月11號,Facebook宣布嚟緊會調整動態消息,優先展示親友嘅內容,仲會降低去唔強調嚟自媒體公司嘅內容[86]。
2020年2月,Facebook宣布嚟緊會喺3年內將會投入$10億美金(以2024年美金嚟計係$12.1億美金)用喺向出版商嗰邊買新聞材料嘅授權;呢個承諾隨住呢間公司因為冇喺平台上出現嘅新聞內容畀錢而受到全球政府嘅審查。呢個承諾係喺Facebook自2018年以嚟透過同《衛報》同埋《金融時報》等等呢啲新聞媒體機構達成協議而畀嘅$6億美金(以2024年美金嚟計係$7.29億美金)之外嘅額外支出[87][88][89]。
即時通訊
[編輯]Facebook Messenger係個即時通訊服務同埋應用程式軟件,呢樣嘢最初喺2008年用Facebook Chat嘅名嚟推出[90],到2010年做咗改版[91],最後喺2011年8月成為咗1款獨立嘅手機應用程式,同時仍然喺瀏覽器上面保留用戶頁面嘅一部分[92]。Facebook Messenger除咗補充常規嘅對話之外,佢仲畀用戶1對1[93]同埋群組[94]去做語音傳輸[95]同埋視像對話[96]。呢樣嘢嘅Android應用程式整合咗對短訊[97],同埋無論係開邊個應用程式都好,呢樣嘢都會喺螢幕上面顯示圓形頭像嘅「聊天頭像」支援[98],兩個應用程式同時都支援幾個帳號[99],對話可以揀端到端加密[100]同埋「即時遊戲」[101]。例如係匯款[102]仲有要求交通服務[103]呢啲部分嘅功能淨係只限畀美國用家去用[102]。2017年,Facebook新加咗「Messenger Day」嘅功能,呢個功能畀啲用家以故事嘅形式嚟同所有朋友分享佢哋嘅相同埋片段,而內容就會喺24個鐘之後消失[104];佢哋仲新加咗畀用家撳實訊息嚟加Emoji嘅「
Facebook喺2020年4月開始推出1項叫做Messenger Rooms嘅新功能,呢個視像傾偈功能可以畀用家一次過同多到去50個人傾偈[106]。2020年7月,Facebook喺Messenger裡面新加咗個畀iOS用家去用Face ID又或者Touch ID嚟鎖定傾偈嘅功能,呢個叫做「App Lock」嘅功能係Messenger喺私隱同安全性方面嘅幾項改善措施裡面嘅一部分[107][108]。Messenger應用程式喺2020年10月13號宣布同Instagram實現跨應用程式嘅訊息功能,呢個功能喺2021年9月正式上線[109]。嗰個應用程式除咗整合訊息嘅功能之外,仲宣布會推出新撈稿,呢個撈稿會融合Messenger同Instagram嘅撈稿元素[110]。
企業同埋用家可以透過Messenger嚟做互動,去用例如係追蹤買嘢記錄、接收通知同同顧客服務代表去溝通...等等呢啲功能。第三方開發者可以將應用程式整合去到Messenger裡面,令到用家可以喺Messenger入面去開應用程式,仲可以選擇性入咁樣將應用程式入面嘅詳情分享去到即時通訊裡面[111]。開發人員可以將聊天機器人構建去到Messenger裡面,例如新聞發布商可以建構機器人嚟發佈新聞消息[112]。例如係respond.io、Twilio同埋Manychat等等呢啲公司亦都係利用呢啲API開發咗商業用途嘅聊天機器人同埋自動化平台[113]。
美國嘅M虛擬助理會掃描傾偈內容裡面嘅關鍵字,仲會推薦相關嘅操作,例如當用家提到錢嗰陣時就會推薦佢哋嘅支付系統[114][115]。群組聊天機器人用「
私隱權政策
[編輯]Facebook嘅數據政策概述咗佢哋喺收集、儲存同埋分享用家數據嘅政策[117]。Facebook畀用家透過私隱設定[118]嚟控制個別帖文同埋佢哋嘅個人檔案[119]嘅存取權。用家嘅姓名同埋個人檔案相(如有)係公開嘅。
Facebook嘅收入取決於針對性廣告,即係分析用家數據嚟決定要向每個用戶展示邊啲廣告。Facebook會喺嚟自線上同線下嘅來源去收集第三方數據用嚟補充佢哋自己嘅用家數據。Facebook堅持唔同廣告商本身分享用嚟做針對性廣告嘅數據[120]。嗰間公司話:
| 「 | 我哋會為廣告商提供有關於睇佢哋嘅廣告觀眾類型同埋佢哋嘅廣告效果係點樣嘅報告,不過除非你畀咗權限我哋,如果唔係我哋係唔會分享可以識別到你個人身分嘅資料(例如係你嘅姓名或者電郵地址呢啲資料,呢啲本身就可以用嚟聯絡你又或者識別到你係邊個)。例如,我哋會向廣告商提供一般廣告觀眾嘅特性同埋興趣嘅資料(例如,某條廣告畀1個住喺馬德里,鍾意軟件工程嘅25-34歲嘅女性睇到)嚟幫佢哋可以更好咁樣了解佢哋嘅觀眾。我哋亦都會確認究竟邊啲Facebook廣告會令你向廣告客買嘢或者採取行動[117]。 |
」 |
截至2021年10月,Facebook聲稱採用咗以下呢啲政策同第三方分享用家資料:
| 「 | 產品使用緊我哋喺網站、應用程式同埋第三方嘅整合。 |
」 |
| 「 | 當你揀咗去用第三方應用程式、網站或其他使用又或者整合我哋產品嘅服務嗰時,佢哋就可以接收到由你發佈或者分享嘅內容資訊。例如,當你同朋友喺Facebook上面一齊玩遊戲,又或者喺Facebook網站上面評論或撳分享掣嗰陣時,遊戲開發者或網站就可以接收到你喺遊戲裡面嘅活動嘅資訊,或接收到你喺Facebook上面嘅網站分享評論或者連結。另外,當你下載或者去用呢啲第三方服務嗰陣,佢哋就可以攞到你喺Facebook上面公開嘅個人檔案,同埋你同佢哋分享嘅任何資料。另外,當你下載或者用呢類第三方服務嗰時,佢哋就可以攞到你喺Facebook公開嘅個人資料,同埋你同佢哋分享嘅任何資訊。如果你揀咗同應用程式仲有網站去分享你嘅Facebook朋友列表,佢哋可能就會攞到你嘅Facebook朋友名單。但係,你用緊嘅應用程式同網站就冇辦法接收到任何關於你喺Facebook朋友嘅資料,又或者係任何你喺Instagram追蹤者嘅資料(雖然,你嘅Facebook朋友同Instagram追蹤者當然可以揀自己去分享呢啲資料)。呢啲第三方服務所收集嘅資料係受佢哋自己嘅條款同埋政策嘅約束,而唔係呢個條款同政策。 |
」 |
| 「 | 提供Facebook同Instagram原生版本嘅裝置同埋操作系統(即係我哋未開發過自己嘅第一方應用程式)會去攞你揀咗同佢哋分享嘅所有資料,包括你嘅朋友同你分享嘅資料,咁佢哋就可以提供我哋嘅核心功能畀你。 |
」 |
| 「 | 注意:我哋正喺度進一步咁限制開發人員嘅資料存取權嚟幫手去防止濫用行為。例如,如果你已經3個月冇用過某個應用程式,我哋嚟緊會取消開發人員對你喺Facebook同Instagram資料嘅存取權,另外我哋而家正喺度去改登入機制,所以我哋喺下一個版本會減少應用程式可以喺唔使應用程式審查嘅情況下要求嘅資料(包括姓名、Instagram用戶名同埋簡介、個人頭像同埋電郵地址)。要求去攞任何嘅資料都需要攞到我哋嘅批准[117]。 |
」 |
如果有需要,Facebook亦都會同執法部門分享數據[117]。
自從Facebook嘅服務推出以嚟,佢哋嘅政策已經有好多次改變,仲引發咗一系列嘅爭議,呢啲爭議嘅內容包括咗佢哋有幾好保護用家嘅資料、佢喺幾大程度上畀用戶去控制存取權,去到向包括商家、政治競選活動同埋政府在內嘅呢啲第三方畀出嚟嘅存取權類型...等等嘅各個方面。呢啲措施會因應國家而有唔同,有啲一些國家/地區會要求嗰間公司提供資料(仲限制去存取服務),而歐盟嘅《通用數據保障條例(GDPR)》就強制要求提供額外嘅隱私權保護[121]。
漏洞獎金計劃
[編輯]
2011年7月29號,Facebook宣布啟動
評價
[編輯]用家群
[編輯]Facebook嘅快速增長喺佢一推出之後就開始,一直持續到去2018年,之後就開始跌落嚟。Facebook嘅註冊用家喺2008年突破咗1億[125],仲喺2010年7月突破咗5億個用家。根據嗰間公司喺2010年7月公布嘅數據,佢哋網站有一半嘅用家每日都會用Facebook,平均每次用34分鐘,而同時有1.5億個用家透過手機嚟瀏覽呢個網站[126]。
2012年10月,Facebook嘅每月活躍用戶突破咗10億[127][128],而入面嘅流動用家去到6億,相片上載量去到2,190億次,而朋友連線就去到1,400億次[129]。Facebook喺2017年6月突破咗20億用家大關[130][131]。2015年11月,Facebook因為外界對佢哋嘅「每月活躍用戶」統計方法嘅準確性受到質疑而修改咗個定義,佢哋將每月活躍用戶定義做喺統計前卅日內透過網頁瀏覽器或者流動應用程式嚟上去Facebook網站或者用Facebook Messenger應用程式嘅已登入用家。呢個舉動排除咗之前計入統計嘅、用咗同Facebook整合嘅第三方服務嘅用家[132]。
從2017年到2019年,美國12歲以上用Facebook嘅人口比例由67%跌到去61%(減少咗大約1,500萬個美國用家),入面美國後生嗰代嘅跌幅高啲(12-34歲美國用家比例由2015年嘅58%跌到去2019年嘅29%)[133][134]。呢個跌幅吻合返同樣喺Meta集團旗下人氣上升嘅應用程式Instagram[133][134]。喺2021年最後一個季度,Facebook嘅每日活躍用戶數量第1次經歷季度跌幅,由19.3億跌到去19.29億[135],不過就算喺俄羅斯被禁咗都好,佢哋嘅每日活躍用戶數喺下一季又再升返上去[136]。
歷史上,評論員會根據用家群嘅基數下跌[137]同埋法律上嘅困難,例如係封閉平台、冇能力產生收入、冇辦法保障用戶私隱、冇辦法適應流動平台、Facebook自己摺埋嚟推出下一代替代產品[138],同埋Facebook喺俄羅斯干預2016年美國大選入面所扮演嘅角色...等等嘅呢啲原因嚟對Facebook嘅衰落或者終結嚟提出預測。
Facebook嘅活躍用戶(以百萬計)由2004年只係得100萬人升到上去2020年嘅28億[121]。
人口統計資料
[編輯]截至2023年4月,Facebook用戶數量最多嘅國家係嚟自印度同美國,其次就係印尼、巴西、墨西哥同菲律賓[140]。按地區嚟睇,2018年用戶數量最多嘅地區係亞太地區(9.47億),其次就係歐洲(3.81億)同美國—加拿大(2.42億)。世界上其他地方嘅用家有7.5億個[141]。
2008-2018年期間,34歲以下嘅用家比例跌到落去唔夠用家總數嘅一半[121]。
審查制度
[編輯]
地區審查同封鎖情況
[編輯]個別國家實施封鎖有好多原因,例如係政治或者宗教因素,又或者Facebook縱容反伊斯蘭教內容,同埋其他宗教歧視內容。好多公司或共用空間都唔畀佢哋嘅人上Facebook[142]。
喺好多國家嘅社交網站同手機應用程式都被暫時、間歇性或者永久封鎖Facebook,包括:巴西[143]、中國[144]、伊朗[145]、越南[146]、巴基斯坦[147]、敘利亞[148],同埋北韓。2018年5月,巴布亞新畿內亞政府宣布會禁用Facebook一個月,同時佢哋會考慮呢個網站對佢哋國家嘅影響[149]。Facebook喺2019年宣布佢哋會開始執行禁止用家,包括有影響力人士,喺佢哋嘅平台上面宣傳任何電子煙、煙草產品或者武器[150]。
自我審查
[編輯]Facebook人員自爆會主動審查用家。印度、土耳其、墨西哥都有審查機制,但只係喺性方面,冇話同政治有關,而相會畀網站方面「PS」[151][152][153]。
不過,香港嘅親共社團「愛港之聲」、「培青社」等等聲言畀網站方面多次咁刪除專頁內容[154]。有匿名員工爆料話被強迫用後台刪走政治言論,而Facebook就冇直接回應,只係話有嚴格工作規則同站方係「客觀中立」[155]。
中國大陸審查同封鎖
[編輯]局部封鎖
[編輯]全面封鎖
[編輯]好多非西方國家都會對Facebook進行全站封鎖同審查,伊朗[161]、烏茲別克[162]、敘利亞[163]、古巴[164]。北韓因光明網而限制咗內聯網活動,所以普通人通常冇得接觸互聯網;而敘利亞係由於戰爭而造成限制。
批評同爭議
[編輯]Facebook嘅重要性同規模喺好多領域都引起批評。問題包括網絡私隱、過度保留用家資料[165]、佢哋嘅認人樣系統軟件DeepFace[166][167]、佢嘅成癮性[168],同埋呢樣嘢喺職場上嘅作用,包括老闆入去員工嘅帳戶[169]。
| 「 | 」 |
Facebook因應佢哋嘅用電量[171]、避稅[172]、用家實名制政策[173]、審查制度[174][175],同埋參與美國棱鏡監控計劃[176]而受到批評。根據《快報論壇報》嘅報導,Facebook「利用離岸公司逃避咗幾十億美金嘅稅款」[177]。
據講,Facebook會對用家造成有害嘅心理影響,包括妒忌[178][179]同壓力[180][181]、注意力唔集中[182]同埋社交媒體成癮[183][184]。
| 「 | 」 |
Facebook因為畀啲用家發布非法或者令人反感嘅內容而備受批評。具體內容包括咗侵害版權同埋知識產權[188]、仇恨言論[189][190]、煽動強暴[191]同埋恐怖主義[192][193]、假新聞[194][195][196],仲有犯罪、謀殺同直播暴力事件[197][198][199]。評論者指責Facebook有意幫手去促進呢類內容嘅傳播[200][201][202]。2019年5月,斯里蘭卡爆發反穆斯林騷亂,呢個係自同年嘅復活節爆炸案以嚟嗰個國家最嚴重嘅一次騷亂。斯里蘭卡政府為咗維護斯里蘭卡嘅和平,佢哋就喺2019年5月嘅騷亂之後採取咗暫時性措施—封鎖咗Facebook同WhatsApp嚟維持斯里蘭卡嘅和平[203][204]。Facebook淨係喺2018年第4季同埋2019年第1季就刪除咗卅億個假帳號[205];相比之下,嗰個社交網絡報告話佢哋每個月有23.9億個活躍用家[205]。
喺2019年7月尾,呢間公司宣布佢哋受到聯邦貿易委員會嘅反壟斷調查[206]。
消費者權益組織Which?口口聲聲去話,仍然有人利用Facebook嚟幫產品設定虛假嘅5星好評。嗰個組織發現咗14個用評論嚟換錢或者例如係手錶、耳機同灑水器呢啲免費嘢嘅社群[207]。
私隱問題
[編輯]
Facebook經歷咗一連串關於佢哋點樣處理用家私隱嘅爭議,仲反覆咁調整佢哋嘅私隱設定同政策[208]。Facebook自2009年以嚟參與咗1個叫做「稜鏡計劃」嘅秘密計劃,佢哋同美國國家安全局分享用家個人檔案裡面嘅聲音、相、片、電郵、文件同連線記錄,同埋其他社交媒體服務[209][210]。
2011年11月29號,Facebook同美國聯邦貿易委員會達成咗和解,解決咗佢哋因為冇遵守私隱承諾而呃咗消費者嘅指控[211]。2013年8月,
2018年6月7號,Facebook宣布1個漏洞搞到大約1,400萬個Facebook用家將所有新貼文嘅預設分享狀態被設定做「公開」[214]。雖然存取嘅資料並冇儲存喺華為嘅伺服器上面,而係保留喺用家嘅手機嗰度,但係佢同好似係華為呢啲中國公司嘅數據共享協議仍然受到美國立法者嘅審查[215]。2019年4月4號,亞馬遜嘅雲端伺服器上面洩漏咗5億個Facebook用家記錄,裡面包括用家嘅朋友、讚好、群組、簽到地點同埋姓名、密碼仲有電郵地址等等嘅資料[216]。
2019年9月,喺1個公開嘅線上資料庫入面發現到曝光咗至少有2億個Facebook用家嘅電話冧把。裡面包括1.33億個美國用家、1,800萬個英國用家,同埋5,000萬個越南用家。喺刪除咗重覆嘅記錄之後,記錄由4.19億個減到去2.19億個。喺TechCrunch聯絡咗個網站託管商之後,資料庫就已經離咗線。有人認為呢啲記錄係用1個Facebook喺2018年4月由劍橋分析公司醜聞之後禁用嘅工具累積嚟收集嘅。Facebook嘅1個女發言人喺聲明入面話:「呢個數據集已經年代久遠,而且似乎係喺我哋上年做更改之前攞到嘅資料...冇證據表明話Facebook帳號畀人盜用咗[217]」。
Facebook嘅私隱問題搞到Viber媒體同埋Mozilla等等嘅公司停咗喺Facebook平台上面落廣告[218][219]。2024年1月,消費者報告嘅1項研究發現,喺一班自選嘅義工參與者裡面,每個用家平均都會由超過2,000間公司監控又或者追蹤。總部喺三藩市嘅數據經紀公司LiveRamp掌握咗裡面96%嘅數據。其他公司,例如係家得寶、美絲百貨仲有窩嘜都有參與[220]。
2024年3月,喺加州嘅一間法院公佈咗Facebook喺2016年「
種族偏見
[編輯]Facebook畀
截至2021年3月,呢3個求職失敗者同Facebook嘅營運經理指控呢間公司歧視黑人。EEOC喺2021年3月對呢單案展開咗調查[222]。
影子檔案
[編輯]影子檔案指嘅係Facebook喺未經用家明確准許嘅情況下收集嘅個人資料,例如出現喺第三方網站上面嘅「讚」撳掣畀嗰間公司去收集用家嘅網路瀏覽習慣嘅資料,就算嗰個用家並唔係Facebook嘅用家[223][224]。其他用戶亦都可以收集數據,例如Facebook用家可以將佢哋嘅電郵帳戶連結去佢哋嘅Facebook嚟喺網站上面搵朋友,令到嗰間公司可以收集到用家同埋非用家嘅電郵地址[225]。隨住時間過,Facebook會收集關於用家無數嘅數據點;任何單一嘅數據點或者都冇辦法識別特定嗰個人,但呢啲數據點組合起上嚟就可以幫到嗰間公司形成一個獨特嘅「用家檔案」。
呢種做法受到嗰啲認為人哋應該有權去揀唔收集非自願資料嘅人嘅批評。另外,雖然Facebook用家有能力去下載同睇返佢哋畀網站嘅數據,不過「影子個人檔案」入面嘅數據並唔包括喺裡面,而非Facebook用家無論點樣都冇辦法去用呢個工具。呢間公司亦都一直冇明確去講明一個人係咪可以撤銷Facebook對佢哋「影子個人檔案」嘅存取權[223]。
劍橋分析公司
[編輯]Facebook嘅客仔—
根據《衛報》嘅報導,Facebook和劍橋分析公司都威脅話,如果嗰份報紙刊登咗呢篇故仔嘅話,佢哋就會告嗰份報紙。報道出咗街之後,Facebook口口聲聲話自己「畀人呃咗」。2018年3月23號,英國高等法院批准咗資訊專員辦公室申請嘅搜查令,搜查咗劍橋分析公司嘅倫敦辦事處,終結咗Facebook同資訊專員辦公室之間關於責任而對立嘅僵局[230]。
同年3月25號,Facebook喺英美嘅各大報章上面刊登咗朱克伯格嘅聲明,就「違反信任」呢件事道歉[231]:
| 「 | 你可能聽過有個由大學研究員開發嘅測驗應用程式,喺2014年洩露咗幾百萬人嘅Facebook數據。呢個係個破壞信任嘅行為,對唔住我哋當時冇去做多啲。我哋而家採取緊啲步驟去確保呢件事唔會再發生[117]。 |
」 |
| 「 | 我哋已經阻止咗呢類應用程式攞到咁多嘅資料。而家,我哋限制緊你用Facebook登入嗰時,應用程式可以攞到嘅數據。 |
」 |
| 「 | 我哋亦都調查緊每個喺我哋修正呢個問題之前每個可以存取大量數據嘅應用程式。我哋預計仲有其他應用程式亦都存在呢種情況。當我哋搵到呢啲應用程式嗰陣,我哋嚟緊會封鎖佢哋,同埋通知話畀所有受影響嘅用家。 |
」 |
| 「 | 最後,我哋會提醒你邊啲應用程式已經攞咗你啲資料嘅存取權—咁你就可以閂咗你唔再需要嘅應用程式。 |
」 |
| 「 | 多謝你信任呢個社區。我應承會為你做得更加好。 |
」 |
同年3月26號,美國聯邦貿易委員會對呢件事展開咗調查[232]。呢場爭議搞到Facebook終止咗同幫廣告商去做用家定向嘅數據經紀商嘅合作關係[208]。
2019年4月24號,Facebook話佢哋因為
例如係美瑾·麥凱恩嘅一啲人將劍橋分析公司嘅數據使用攞嚟同奧巴馬2012年總統競選活動相提並論。喺當中根據《投資者商業日報》嘅報導,呢個應用程式「鼓勵支持者去下載奧巴馬2012年嘅Facebook應用程式,當啟動嗰陣,可以畀競選活動去收集用家同佢哋嘅朋友嘅Facebook數據[239][240][241]。」
數據Spii
[編輯]2019年7月,網絡安全研究員
DataSpii示範咗個受威脅嘅用家係點樣暴露其他人嘅資料,包括屬於一個Facebook用家朋友網絡入面嘅私人相同埋Messenger附件[245]。
DataSpii利用咗Facebook透過獨特嘅URL網址嘅做法嚟公開去攞用家嘅私人相同埋Messenger附件。為咗加強呢方面嘅安全性,Facebook會喺URL網址入面附加查詢字串,嚟限制存取嘅時間[245]。不過,NA提供咗對呢啲獨特嘅URL網址嘅實時存取權,而呢啲網址係為咗確保安全。呢樣嘢令到NA成員就可以喺Facebook指定嘅限制時間內攞到私人內容。
《華盛頓郵報》嘅
違反
[編輯]2018年9月28號,Facebook發生重大嘅安全漏洞,搞到5,000萬個用家嘅資料外洩。呢次嘅資料外洩喺2017年7月開始,而喺9月16號畀人發現[248]。Facebook通知咗受到呢個漏洞影響嘅用家,並登出咗佢哋嘅戶口[249][250]。2019年3月,Facebook證實幾百萬個Facebook Lite應用程式用家嘅密碼外洩事件亦都影響咗幾百萬個Instagram用家。Facebook畀出嚟嘅原因係密碼用純文字嘅方式嚟儲存而唔係加密,而咁樣就可以畀佢哋嘅員工讀取到呢啲純文字[251]。
2019年12月19號,安全研究員
2021年4月,《衛報》報道話,大約有5億個用家嘅資料畀人偷咗,裡面包括出世日子同埋電話冧巴。Facebook指控呢啲係嚟自2019年8月修正問題嘅「舊數據」,雖然呢啲數據直到一年半之後嘅2021年先至被洩露;Facebook推咗唔接受記者訪問,明顯亦都冇通知監管機構,話嗰個問題「冇得搞」,仲話唔會向用戶提供建議[254]。2024年9月,Meta因為用咗純文字形式嚟儲存咗多到去6億個Facebook同Instagram用家嘅密碼而畀咗$1.01億美金嘅罰款。呢個行為最初喺2019年被發現,但係有報導話密碼用純文字嘅形式嚟儲存嘅情況早喺2012年就已經出現[255]。
手機數據同埋活動
[編輯]
Facebook喺2013年收購咗Onavo之後,佢哋就用咗佢嘅
2016年,Facebook研究推出咗Atlas項目,為部分13-35歲嘅用家提供每個月最高$20美金(按2024年美金去計大約係$26美金)嘅報酬,嚟去交換佢哋嘅個人資料,包括佢哋嘅應用程式使用情況、網頁瀏覽史、網絡搜尋器嘅搜尋記錄、位置記錄、私人訊息、相、片、電郵同埋亞馬遜嘅訂單記錄[266][267]。《TechCrunch》喺2019年1月報導咗呢個項目,呢件事搞到蘋果公司暫時吊銷咗Facebook嘅企業開發人員計劃證書1日,阻止咗Facebook研究喺iOS裝置上面嘅運作,同埋停用咗Facebook內部嘅iOS應用程式[267][268][269]。
《Ars Technica》喺2018年4月報導話,Facebook嘅Android應用程式自2015年起就開始收集用家數據,包括電話嘅通話記錄同埋短訊[270][271][272]。喺2018年5月,有幾個Android用家因為Facebook侵犯佢哋嘅私隱而向佢哋提出集體訴訟[273][274]。Facebook喺2020年1月推出咗
2021年11月,
公開道歉
[編輯]Facebook呢間公司喺2009年第1次就住佢侵犯隱私嘅行為而道歉[280]。
Facebook嘅道歉聲明曾經出現喺報紙、電視、網誌文章同埋Facebook嘅官方頁面上面[281]。2018年3月25號,Facebook喺美國同英國嘅主流報章刊登咗全版廣告,裡面包括咗朱克伯格嘅個人道歉。朱克伯格仲喺CNN上面發表咗口頭道歉[282]。佢喺2010年5月就對私隱設定嘅差異而道歉[281]。
Facebook之前嘅私隱設定分佈喺廿幾個頁面,而家將所有私隱設定集中擺喺1個頁面度,咁樣令到第三方應用程式更加難去攞到用家嘅個人資料[208]。除咗公開道歉之外,Facebook仲話佢哋嚟緊會檢討同審計成千上萬個顯示「可疑活動」嘅應用程式,嚟確保呢種侵犯私隱嘅情況唔會再發生[283]。喺2010年嘅一份關於私隱嘅報告入面,有個研究項目指出,有關啲人成日喺網上披露嘅嘢會帶嚟嘅後果嘅資料唔多,所以現有嘅只係透過流行媒體提供嘅報告[284]。2017年,有個 Facebook嘅前高層公開討論咗社交媒體平台點樣加劇咗「社會結構嘅瓦解」[285]。
內容爭議同審核
[編輯]Facebook依賴佢嘅用家去產生佢哋與平台服務結合嘅內容。呢間公司因為畀嗰啲包括陰謀論同埋邊緣言論在內令人反感嘅內容[286]存在,同埋禁止其他佢哋認為唔恰當嘅內容而受到批評。
假資訊同假新聞
[編輯]
Facebook畀人批評做假新聞嘅傳播媒介,亦被指控要為美國創造ISIS嘅陰謀論[287]、緬甸軍方用假嘅反羅興亞帖子嚟助長種族滅絕同種族清洗[288][289]、助長氣候變遷否定論[290][291][292]、仲有桑迪胡克小學槍擊案嘅陰謀論[293],同埋為德國嘅反難民襲擊承擔責任[294][295][296]。菲律賓政府亦都用Facebook嚟做攻擊佢嘅批評者嘅工具[297]。
2017年,Facebook同波因特研究所嘅國際事實核查網絡嘅事實核查員合作去識別同標記虛假內容,雖然大部分政治候選人嘅廣告都喺呢個計劃豁免咗[298][299]。
截至2018年, Facebook喺全球有超過卌個事實檢查夥伴合作,包括《旗幟周刊》 [300]。呢個計劃嘅批評者指責Facebook喺清除佢哋網站上面嘅假資料做得唔夠多[300][301]。
Facebook反覆修改過佢嘅內容政策。2018年7月,佢哋話會喺事實核查員確定係虛假嘅文章就會「降低」嗰篇文章嘅排名,同埋移除煽動暴力嘅虛假資訊[302]。Facebook話,如果內容畀事實查核員評做「虛假」嘅話就可能會被取消通行嘅資格,傳播範圍仲會大幅咁縮減。違反社群標準嘅特定貼文同埋片段可能會畀Facebook刪除[303]。Facebook喺2019年5月以涉嫌參與「暴力同仇恨」嚟做理由封止禁咗幾個「危險」評論員嘅帳戶登入,其中包括艾力士·鍾斯、路易斯·法拉堪、米羅·雅諾波魯斯、保羅·約瑟夫·屈臣、保羅·尼倫、大衛·杜克同埋蘿娜·隆默[304][305]。
2020年5月,Facebook同意畀$5,200萬美金(以2024年美金計算係$6,320萬美金)嘅初步和解金,嚟賠償畀喺工作上面受到心理創傷嘅美國嘅Facebook內容管理員[306][307]。世界各地嘅其他法律訴訟,包括喺愛爾蘭,都等緊去解決[308]。2020年9月,泰國政府第1次引用《電腦犯罪法》嚟對Facebook同Twitter提出訴訟,指控佢無視刪除內容嘅要求,而且唔遵守法院命令[309]。
根據路透社嘅報告,美國軍方由2020年開始就發起咗1場宣傳運動,散播有關中國科興生物新冠疫苗嘅假資訊,包括利用假嘅社交媒體帳戶去散播科興疫苗含有豬肉成分嘅假資訊,根據伊斯蘭教法咁就係違反教律嘅嘢[310]。呢場宣傳活動被形容做針對反擊美國對中國散佈關於新冠肺炎假訊息嘅「報復」[311]。Facebook喺2020年夏季要求軍方刪除呢啲戶口,話呢啲戶口違反咗Facebook對假帳戶同埋新冠疫情資訊嘅政策[310]。呢場宣傳運動一直係咁樣去到2021年中[310]。
威脅同煽動
[編輯]教授伊利亞·索明報告話,佢曾經喺2018年4月响Facebook上面受到凱薩·薩約克嘅死亡威脅,對方威脅佢話要殺死索明同佢嘅屋企人,仲將佢哋嘅屍體「餵畀佛羅里達短吻鱷」。索明嘅Facebook朋友將呢啲留言報告畀Facebook知,不過Facebook除咗傳送自動訊息之外,咩都冇做過[312]。薩約克後尾因為2018年10月針對民主黨政客嘅美國郵件轟炸企圖而畀人拉咗。
恐怖主義
[編輯]喺Force控告Facebook公司(934 F.3d 53 (2nd Cir. 2019))呢單案裡面,原告指控Facebook透過向
仇恨言論
[編輯]2020年10月,巴基斯坦總理伊姆蘭·汗透過喺政府嘅Twitter帳戶發佈嘅1封信,敦促朱克伯格禁止Facebook上面恐伊斯蘭嘅內容,仲警告話呢啲內容會助長咗極端主義同埋暴力[313]。2020年10月,呢間公司宣布佢哋嚟緊會禁止納粹大屠殺否認論[314]。
2022年10月,美國媒體事務中心發表報告話,話Facebook同Instagram仲喺度利用緊LGBT人士帶有污名化嘅侮辱性詞語「美容師(groomer)」嚟廣告嗰度牟利,嗰個詞語被用嚟指代LGBT群體[315]。呢篇文章報導話,Meta之前已經證實,用呢個字眼嚟形容LGBT群體違反咗佢哋嘅仇恨言論政策[315]。呢件事喺跟住之後畀其他新聞媒體報導咗出嚟,例如係《紐約每日新聞》、《粉紅新聞》同埋《LGBTQ國度》[316][317][318]。
暴力色情
[編輯]Facebook同Instagram上面都存在一啲包含露骨嘅色情內容、暴力畫面嘅描述,同埋宣揚自殘行為嘅廣告內容,裡面好多廣告都係針對由字節跳動同埋騰訊呢啲科技巨頭支持嘅網路小說應用程式[319]。
資訊戰
[編輯]Facebook因為畀新聞網站《資訊戰》去發布虛假嘅嘢同埋陰謀論而受到批評[303][320][321][322][323]。Facebook為佢哋針對《資訊戰》嘅行為辯護,話:「我哋只係唔認為禁止專頁去分享陰謀論或者假新聞係啱嘅做法[321]。」Facebook淨係提供咗6個佢哋喺2017年9月至2018年7月期間檢查咗《資訊戰》頁面嘅內容[303]。2018年,《資訊戰》虛假咁聲稱
政治操縱
[編輯]
Facebook作為一個擁有龐大用戶群嘅主流社交網路服務平台,佢哋一直畀已知或者未知嘅政治活動人士用嚟影響民意,呢啲活動有啲係違反咗平台嘅政策,造成支持或者攻擊嘅「協同虛假行為」。呢啲活動可以係預先有劇本或者係畀錢嘅。近年嚟,呢類濫用嘅行為成日被揭露出嚟,其中最出名嘅係俄羅斯干預2016年美國總統大選。2021年,Facebook嘅垃圾訊息同埋假冒團隊嘅前分析師張學菲報告咗有超過25次政治顛覆活動,仲批評咗Facebook普遍反應時間慢、冇監督同埋放任嘅態度[326][327][328]。
影響行動同埋協同虛假行為
[編輯]2018年,Facebook話喺2018年期間,佢哋喺「包括美國、中東、俄羅斯同英國嘅好多專頁、群組同埋帳戶入面發現到創造嚟攪動政治辯論嘅協調嘅唔真實行為[329]」。
由英國情報機構運作嘅行動,叫做聯合威脅研究情報組所做嘅行動大致可分做兩類:網路攻擊同埋文宣活動。文宣活動係透過例如係Facebook嘅社交媒體網站嚟做「群組訊息」同埋「推送動態消息」[330][331]。以色列嘅猶太網路防禦部隊、中國共產黨嘅五毛黨,同埋土耳其嘅AKT網路水軍亦都將注意力集中喺Facebook呢啲社交體平台上面[332][333][334]。2018年7月,牛津大學嘅牛津互聯網研究所(OII)報告聯合作者
2018年12月,《華盛頓郵報》報導話,「喺2017年阿拉巴馬州嘅美國參議院特別選舉嗰陣,有報導指一間頂尖社交媒體研究公司『新知識』嘅行政總裁
2019年5月,喺特拉維夫做總部嘅私人情報機構阿基米德集團因為「協同造假行為」而畀Facebook封鎖。喺呢個之前,Facebook喺撒哈拉以南嘅非洲、拉丁美洲同埋東南亞呢啲國家發現咗嗰個機構嘅假用家[341]。Facebook嘅調查顯示,阿基米德集團使咗大約$110萬美金(以2024年美金計算大約係$135萬美金)用喺投放虛假廣告,呢啲廣告用巴西嘅雷亞爾、以色列嘅新謝克爾同埋美金嚟畀[342]。Facebook列舉咗阿基米德集團喺尼日利亞、塞內加爾、多哥、安哥拉、尼日爾同埋突尼斯呢啲國家做政治干預嘅案例[343]。
2019年5月23號,Facebook發布咗佢哋嘅《
2019年7月,Facebook加強咗打擊虛假政治宣傳同埋其他濫用佢哋服務嘅措施。嗰間公司刪除咗1,800幾個嚟自俄羅斯、泰國、烏克蘭同埋宏都拉斯營運緊嘅帳戶同埋專頁[347]。俄羅斯喺2022年2月入侵烏克蘭之後,就宣布
2020年,Facebook幫手成立咗
同年,泰國政府以發布可能違法嘅貼文嚟做理由,強迫Facebook閂咗個有成百萬個成員追蹤分享潛在非法帖文嘅Facebook群組—「
喺2020年美國選舉前夕,有啲東歐網路水軍經營熱門嘅Facebook頁面發布同美國基督徒同埋非裔美國人相關嘅內容。呢啲專頁總數超過15,000個,每個月吸引1.4億個美國用戶瀏覽。呢部分係由於Facebook嘅演算法同政策畀人複製同傳播未經證實嘅病毒式內容,因為咁仍然可以提升用家嘅參與度。截至2021年9月,就算Facebook好努力咁刪除呢類內容,但係一啲最熱門嘅頁面仍然喺Facebook上面好活躍[354]。
2021年2月,喺2021年緬甸反軍事政變示威嗰陣有兩個示威者被槍殺之後,Facebook就刪除咗緬甸軍方嘅主頁。Facebook話呢個專頁違反咗佢哋禁止煽動暴力嘅規距[355]。Facebook喺2月25號宣布封鎖晒緬甸軍方,仲有同緬甸國防軍關聯商業實體嘅帳號。呢間科技巨頭引用緊「特別嚴重嘅人權侵犯同埋緬甸未來軍方發起暴力嘅明顯風險」,呢間科技巨頭亦都喺佢嘅子公司Instagram上面實施咗呢個舉動[356]。2021年3月,《華爾街日報》嘅編輯委員會批評Facebook決定對佢哋由外科醫生
Facebook嘅指引畀用家呼籲將啲公眾人物處死,佢哋亦都畀喺某啲情況下讚美大規模殺人犯同埋「
俄羅斯干預
[編輯]2018年,特別檢察官羅拔·米勒控告13個俄羅斯公民同埋3個俄羅斯組織,指控佢哋「參與干預美國政治同選舉過程嘅活動,包括2016年嘅總統大選」[362][363][364]。
Facebook披露佢哋喺2016年美國總統大選前向一間同俄羅斯情報機構有關聯嘅公司(由俄羅斯億萬富翁兼商人耶夫根尼普里戈津擁有嘅俄羅斯網絡水軍)賣咗超過$10萬美金(以2024年美金嚟講係$131,018美金)嘅廣告之後,米勒跟住之後聯絡Facebook[365][366]。2017年9月,Facebook嘅首席安全人員阿歷斯·史塔莫斯寫話嗰間公司「發現喺2015年6月至2017年5月期間,大約有$10萬美金嘅廣告支出—大約同3,000個廣告有關–呢個連結到大約470個違反咗我哋政策嘅唔真實嘅假帳戶同專頁,呢啲可能大家互相關聯。我哋嘅分析顯示呢啲帳戶同專頁大家係有關係嘅,亦可能喺俄羅斯以外營運[367]。」克林頓同特朗普嘅競選團隊喺Facebook廣告上花咗$8,100萬美金(以2024年美金計算係1.06億美金)[368]。
嗰間公司應承會全力配合米勒嘅調查,仲提供咗關於俄羅斯廣告嘅所有資料[369]。美國眾議院情報委員會同埋美國參議院情報委員會嘅成員口口聲聲話,Facebook曾經隱瞞咗可能揭露俄羅斯宣傳活動嘅資料[370]。俄羅斯特工利用Facebook去煽動美國公眾輿論兩極化,喺美國本土組織咗「黑人的命也是命」集會[371][372]、反移民集會[373]、反克林頓集會[374],同埋支持或反對當勞侵嘅集會[375][376]。Facebook嘅廣告亦都被利用嚟透過同時根據唔同用戶嘅政治同人口特性向佢哋發送互相矛盾嘅訊息嚟製造黑人政治活動主義同穆斯林群體之間嘅分歧,去方便散播分歧[377][378][379]。朱克伯格話,佢後悔當初忽略咗對俄羅斯干預2016年美國總統大選嘅擔憂[380]。
俄裔美國億萬富翁尤里·米納喺2009-2011年間同朱克伯格做咗老友[381],佢投資喺Facebook同Twitter度有克里姆林宮嘅支持[382]。2019年1月,Facebook刪除咗289個專頁同埋75個同俄羅斯國家通訊社「
| 「 | 」 |
2019年2月,格倫·格連韋特寫話,
反羅興亞宣傳
[編輯]2018年,Facebook閂咗同緬甸軍方有關嘅536個Facebook專頁、17個Facebook群組、175個Facebook帳號同埋16個Instagram帳號。呢啲帳號一共擁有超過1,000萬粉絲[391]。《紐約時報》報導話[392]:
| 「 | 經過幾個月嚟不斷喺Facebook上面報導反羅興亞文宣之後,呢間公司承認佢哋喺緬甸嘅行動太慢。到嗰陣時,已經有超過70萬羅興亞人喺一年內逃離咗嗰個國家,聯合國官員叫呢樣嘢做「種族清洗嘅教科書式案例」。 |
」 |
印度嘅反穆斯林宣傳同埋印度教民族主義
[編輯]2009年喺1本叫做《
2020年,Facebook高層否決咗佢哋員工嘅建議,關於係咪應該用仇恨言論同埋有可能導致暴力嘅言論嚟做理由,將印度人民黨政客T·拉賈·辛格嘅戶口封鎖。辛格曾經喺Facebook上面話,應該槍斃羅興亞穆斯林移民,佢仲威脅話要摧毀清真寺。Facebook嘅現任同前任員工話畀《華爾街日報》知,呢項決定係Facebook為咗喺印度拓展更多業務而對印度人民黨採取偏袒做法嘅其中一部分[396]。有個員工話,喺印度人民黨政客發文指責穆斯林專登散播新冠病毒之後,Facebook都冇採取任何行動[399]。
2020年,德里議會開始調查Facebook係咪應該對2020年喺嗰個城市嘅宗教騷亂負責,仲聲稱話已經初步認定咗Facebook「喺暴力事件裡面扮演咗一定嘅角色」[400][401]。隨住德里議會委員會發出傳票之後,Facebook印度副總裁兼總經理阿吉特·莫漢向最高法院提出訴訟[402],最高法院准予佢上訴,仲下令暫緩執行傳票[403][404][405]。中央政府跟住後嚟支持呢項決定,仲向法院提交意見話,Facebook唔能夠喺任何州議會面前承擔責任,而且成立的委員會違憲[406][407]。2021年,德里議會小組又再發通知要求莫漢做證人出庭做證。莫漢對呢件事提出質疑,話喺而家呢個「喧囂嘅時代」,保持沉默係一種美德,而且立法機關冇權喺治安案件裡面對佢去做訊問[408]。2021年7月,最高法院駁回咗撤銷傳票嘅請求,仲要求Facebook去到德里議會小組做證[409]。
2023年9月23號,有報導話Facebook喺2021年刪除印度奇納爾軍團運營嘅一系列散播虛假資訊嘅帳戶嗰陣時拖延咗接近1年嘅時間。呢啲虛假資訊可能危及克什米爾記者嘅安全。呢個延誤同之前未公開嘅刪除行動,係因為擔心佢哋嘅本地員工會做咗當局報復嘅目標,仲會損害佢哋喺印度嘅業務前景[410]。
公司管治
[編輯]Facebook嘅早期投資者兼朱克伯格嘅前導師羅渣·麥納米形容Facebook擁有「我喺大公司遇到過最集中嘅決策結構」[411]。波德科羅拉多大學媒體研究教授尼森·施耐德喺2018年論證將Facebook轉型做一個由用家擁有同管理嘅合作社平台[412]。
Facebook嘅聯合創辦人基斯·曉治喺2019年話做CEO嘅朱克伯格權力太過大,公司而家已經做咗壟斷企業,結果因為咁就應該將佢分拆做幾間規模細啲嘅公司。佢喺《紐約時報》嘅一篇專欄文章裡面呼籲將 Facebook分拆。曉治話佢擔心朱克伯格會畀佢身邊嘅一個唔會對佢提出質疑嘅團隊包圍住,結果,美國政府就有責任追究佢嘅責任,同埋撳住佢嘅「冇控制嘅權力」[413]。曉治亦都話,「馬克嘅權力係前所未有嘅,而且唔符合美國精神」[414]。美國嘅一啲政客亦都同意曉治嘅講法[415]。
客戶支援
[編輯]Facebook因為缺乏人力嘅客戶服務支援而受到批評[417]。當用家嘅個人同企業帳戶畀人入侵嗰陣時,好多人被迫透過小額索賠法庭嚟恢復存取權仲攞到賠償[418]。
打官司
[編輯]Facebook已經反覆捲入訴訟[419][420][421][422],裡面最突出嘅案件係關於朱克伯格喺2004年被指控違反咗佢同卡梅倫·溫克沃斯、泰萊·溫克沃斯仲有迪維亞·納倫德拉去建立當時佢哋叫做「哈佛連結」社交網絡嘅口頭協議[423][424][425]。
2018年3月6號,黑莓公司告Facebook同埋佢旗下嘅Instagram同WhatsApp,指控對方盜用咗黑莓嘅即時通訊應用程式嘅關鍵功能[426]。2018年10月,一個德州女子控告Facebook,聲稱佢喺15歲嗰時畀1個喺社交媒體上面「加佢做朋友」嘅男人誘騙從事性交易。Facebook回應話,嗰間公司喺內部同外部都努力打擊性販賣者[427][428]。
2019年,1個代表阿爾蒙德伯里社區學校霸凌事件受欺凌嘅敘利亞學生嘅英國事務律師就住虛假陳述去告Facebook。佢哋口口聲聲話Facebook保護咗啲知名人士唔使受到審查,而唔係刪除違反佢哋規則嘅內容,而呢種特殊待遇係出於經濟利益去驅動[429][430]。2020年12月9號,美國聯邦貿易委員會仲有紐約州同其他47個州同地區政府組成嘅聯盟分別對Facebook提出訴訟,尋求根據對方收購Instagram同WhatsApp呢啲公司採取反壟斷行動,話呢啲行為構成咗反競爭。呢啲訴訟亦都話,Facebook喺收購呢啲產品嗰陣,佢哋削弱咗佢哋用家嘅保護私隱措施。呢啲訴訟除咗其他罰款之外,亦都係尋求撤銷對Facebook嘅收購[431][432]。
2022年1月6號,法國嘅數據私隱監管機構CNIL對Facebook罰咗€6000萬歐羅嘅罰款,原因係佢唔係好似Google咁樣畀用家輕鬆咁拒絕cookies[433]。2022年12月22日,魁北克上訴法院批准咗1單集體訴訟,嗰單訴訟代表Facebook用家,佢哋聲稱話自己受到歧視,因為嗰個平台畀啲廣告商根據年齡、性別甚至係種族等等各種因素嚟定向投放招聘同房屋廣告[434]。呢單訴訟係用Facebook嘅「微定向廣告」嚟做核心,聲稱話嗰個廣告會確保淨係喺特定目標群體用家嘅動態消息入面。例如,女性唔會睇到啲針對男性嘅廣告,而老一輩嘅男性就唔會睇到針對18-45歲族群嘅廣告[434]。
呢單集體訴訟可能包括幾千個最早喺2016年4月就已經開始用緊呢個平台嘅魁北克居民,佢哋喺呢個期間搵緊工或者搵緊住屋[434]。自法院喺12月22號做裁決以嚟,Facebook仲有60日嘅時間去決定係咪將呢單案上訴去到加拿大最高法院。如果唔上訴,呢單案就會退返去魁北克高等法院[434]。2023年9月21號,加州上訴法院裁定,根據《昂魯民權法案》,Facebook可能會因為歧視性廣告而畀人告[435]。
中文譯名
[編輯]Facebook仲未有官方嘅中文譯名,稱呼多數用原文為主(或者簡稱FB),但根據唔同中文地區嘅差異,亦逐漸發展出各別嘅常用譯名。
粵語音譯有非時卜[436]、飛時卜[437]、非士卜[438]、飛士卜[439]、非屎卜[440]、飛屎卜[441]、飛卜[442]。
普通話音譯有非死不可。
網站行政
[編輯]站長
[編輯]Facebook主要管理員有:[443]
- Mark Zuckerberg(董事長兼首席執行官)
- Sheryl Sandberg(首席運營官)
- Mike Schroepfer(首席技術官)
- David Wehner(首席財務官)
至2019年1月之前,Facebook有35,587位員工。[444]
大會
[編輯]2019年4、5月,AGM期間提名Peggy Alford成為Facebook董事局成員。Alford可能會係董事會上第一位非裔美國女性。[445]截至2019年4月,Facebook 董事會由幾個人組成,包括:[443]
- Mark Zuckerberg(董事長,創始人兼首席執行官)
- Sheryl Sandberg(執行董事兼首席運營官)
- Marc Andreessen(非執行董事,聯合創始人兼普通合夥人,Andreessen Horowitz)
- Erskine Bowles(非執行董事,北卡羅來納大學名譽主席)
- Kenneth Chenault(非執行董事,General Catalyst總裁兼董事總經理)
- Susan Desmond-Hellmann(Bill&Melinda Gates基金會非執行董事,首席執行官)
- Reed Hastings(非執行董事,主席,Netflix聯合創始人兼首席執行官)
- Peter Thiel(非執行董事,PayPal聯合創始人兼前首席執行官,Clarium Capital創始人兼總裁)
- Jeffrey Zients(非執行董事,美國國家經濟委員會前主任)
收入
[編輯]| 年份 | 收入 | 增長 |
|---|---|---|
| 2004 | $0.4[446] | — |
| 2005 | $9[446] | 2150% |
| 2006 | $48[446] | 433% |
| 2007 | $153[446] | 219% |
| 2008 | $280[447] | 83% |
| 2009 | $775[448] | 177% |
| 2010 | $2,000[449] | 158% |
| 2011 | $3,711[450] | 86% |
| 2012 | $5,089[451] | 37% |
| 2013 | $7,872[451] | 55% |
| 2014 | $12,466[452] | 58% |
| 2015 | $17,928[453] | 44% |
| 2016 | $27,638[454] | 54% |
| 2017 | $40,653[455] | 47% |
| 2018 | $55,013[456] | 38% |
Facebook係2018年財富500強中排名第76位[457],仲多謝用戶留意廣告[458]。據2017年數據分析,每位用戶幫Facebook賺到20.21美元嘅廣告收入。[459]。
另外,Facebook將訪問數據批量賣畀第三方,重「和味過和味龍」發過五毛走私客。[460]

收購
[編輯]Facebook公司壟斷合併多間相似公司,當中最主要同大間有Instagram、WhatsApp,同埋Oculus Rift。
實址
[編輯]全世界有好多樓係Facebook。美國、加拿大以外Facebook用戶由FB愛爾蘭子公司「Facebook Ireland Limited」管理,包括:歐洲、亞洲、澳洲、非洲,同南美洲等地。因此,免除幾成美國稅務問題。
- 2014年Facebook總部
稅務
[編輯]醜聞
[編輯]
用戶隱私外流問題
[編輯]2010年代,美國國家安全局(NSA)開始收集Facebook公司所有社交媒體服務,入面包括用戶個人資料同信息。[461]
2018年,英國媒體揭發劍橋分析公司喺未經授權嘅情況下,俾用5,000萬名Facebook用戶嘅資料,引致風波。[462]
涉信息壟斷同名聲問題
[編輯]
Facebook公司控制多個主要社交通訊產品,統一管理Instagram同WhatsApp。福布斯上有西方投資者指,FB公司好多醜聞,戰略變革潛伏問題,令產品可靠性受嚴重破壞。[463]
由於Facebook公司愈做愈大,涉及美國「競爭問題」,同「反競爭行為」法律上,將遭遇嚴格審查。司法機構眾議院主席Jerrold Nadler聲明,開放互聯網為美國帶嚟巨大利益、經濟激增、大規模投資、網上教育等。但同時證明,少數人借機控制互聯網商務,內容同通信。[464]
Now新聞直播消失
[編輯]Facebook上,關於2019年7月21號元朗「白衣人」無差別襲擊市民事件,Now新聞直播嘅一條約7分鐘新聞片段無故消失。Now TV同Facebook都表示絕無移除,或修改有關直播內容。方保僑話技術上兩邊都講得通,估計上傳出問題,但未知確實原因。[465]
社運時大量港人被封號
[編輯]2017年,高登討論區「巴打」分享自己個Facebook俾其他派人士針對性舉報而被封號。之後,被封號人士要向Facebook提供身份証明文件,解封帳號。變相「實名制」被指係Facebook被中國化,有損個人私隱,網絡自由。[466]
2019年反修例風波開始,香港媒體發現FB封鎖大量香港人帳號問題[467]。
「停權風波」增加用戶麻煩同憂慮,令人到各大討論區上批評。網民稱站方管理政治化,而且「無差別」同「莫須有」,有殺錯無放過。因由係,部份封鎖原因表明「審查7至8月(過去)相片同留言」;「停權幾多日」;又指「帳號安全問題」等…不過,有用戶表示完成「安全驗證」亦都無得用。單就連登討論區就有好多批評:Facebook近年愈做愈壟斷、赤化等,甚至要向朱克伯格執行長怒吼:「朱西百格日日被中國西夾住」[468][469]。
流行文化
[編輯]- 由大衛芬查執導嘅2010年電影《社交網絡》,改編自2009年一本用Facebook嚟命名嘅暢銷書。
- Facebook喺香港好受歡迎,因為咁喺香港無綫電視嘅劇集出現過好多類似嘅社交網站,不過由於《廣播條例》對電視節目上面嘅商業牌子名有嚴格嘅規定,同埋關植入式廣告收入嘅事,所以TVB一直以嚟都避免喺劇集入面直接用現實世界嘅牌子,佢哋會用好多其他名嚟取代真實牌子。
單單淨係Facebook就已經有好多花名,例如(排序唔分先後):
- Facecook
- Facelook
- Friendsbook
- Faceoff
- FreeHook
- FaceBowl
- MaskyBook...。
不過TVB劇集喺2010年尾開始直接用Facebook呢個名,未知係咪已經傾好條廣告數。
影響
[編輯]範圍
[編輯]《華盛頓郵報》嘅1位評論員喺2019年指出,Facebook構成咗個「龐大嘅資料庫,記錄咗我哋對事件嘅反應同埋我哋不斷發展嘅風俗,而呢啲資訊以前所未有嘅範圍同即時性係早期歷史學家只可以發夢先至做到嘅[470]」。尤其係對人類學家、社會研究者同埋社會史學家嚟講—如果經過妥善咁保存同管理—呢個網站「將會保存我哋嘅生活影像,比起任何現存嘅族譜記錄都更加清晰同更加細緻入微」[470]。
經濟
[編輯]經濟學家指出,Facebook提供許多非競爭性服務,令到所有有興趣嘅用家都可以從中受惠,而唔會用家之間互相競爭。相比之下,大部分商品都只限畀有限數量嘅用家去用。例如,如果有個用家買咗部手機,其他用戶就冇辦法買到嗰部手機。平台競爭、市場和使用者行為數據這三個面向對經濟的影響最大。平台競爭、市場同埋使用者行為數據呢3個領域增加咗最大嘅經濟影響[471]。喺綠色和平組織抨擊Facebook長期依賴煤炭同埋由嗰度造成嘅碳足跡之後,Facebook就開始減少佢嘅碳排放[472]。Facebook喺2021年宣布佢哋嘅全球營運已經百分百由可再生能源支援,而且佢哋亦已經實現咗喺2018年設定嘅零排放目標[473][474]。
Facebook為眾多嘅社交網絡遊戲、通訊、回饋、評論同埋其他同線上活動有關嘅應用程式提供咗1個開發平台。呢個平台催生咗好多企業,仲為全球經濟增加咗幾千個工作機會。社交遊戲領域嘅領導企業Zynga就係呢類生意嘅一個例子。有項計量經濟學分析發現,Facebook嘅應用程式開發平台喺2011年幫美國經濟增加咗超過18.2萬個工作機會。新增就業機會嘅總經濟價值大約係$120億美金(以2024年美金計算大約係$168億美金)[475]。
社會
[編輯]Facebook係最早嘅其中1個大型社交網絡。喺《Facebook效應》呢本書入面,大衛·柯克帕特里克指出話,Facebook嘅結構因為佢嘅「網絡外部性」而令到好難被取代。截至2016年,估計有44%嘅美國人透過Facebook嚟獲取新聞[476]。Frontiers Media喺2023年發表嘅研究發現,Facebook用戶群嘅兩極化程度甚至比Gab呢類極右翼社交網絡更加嚴重[477]。
心理健康同埋情緒健康
[編輯]有研究指出,社交網絡對情緒健康有正面[478]同埋負面嘅影響[479][480][481][482][483]。
有研究指出Facebook同羡慕嘅感覺有關,而呢種感覺通常係由假期同埋節日相片去觸發。其他嘅觸發因素包括朋友發佈關於屋企幸福嘅帖子同埋身體美態嘅圖像——呢啲感覺會令人對佢自己嘅生活覺得更加唔滿意。德國兩間大學嘅一項聯合研究發現,每3個人就有1個喺瀏覽Facebook後對自己的生活更加唔滿意[484][485],而猶他谷大學嘅另一項研究發現隨住啲大學生增加咗上Facebook嘅時間之後,佢哋對自己嘅感覺變得差咗啲[485][486][487]。
正面影響包括同網上朋友產生「虛擬同理心」嘅跡象,同埋幫助內向嘅人嘅人學習社交技能[488]。2020年喺《美國經濟評論》上面發表嘅一項實驗研究發現,停用Facebook可以提升主觀幸福感[489]。嗰間公司喺2017年12月嘅一篇部落格文章裡面強調,有研究話「被動咁消費」新聞推播(即齋睇但唔互動),咁樣會令用家有負面嘅感覺,而同訊息互動就會令到佢哋嘅幸福感有所改善[490]。
文化
[編輯]
Facebook同朱克伯格一直都係音樂、書籍、電影同埋電視嘅主題。2010年由大衛·芬查執導、「阿倫·索金編劇嘅電影《社交網絡》,呢套戲由謝西·艾辛堡飾演朱克伯格,仲榮獲3項奧斯卡金像獎同埋4項金球獎。
2008年,《柯林斯英語字典》宣布「Facebook」做咗佢哋嘅年度詞彙[491]。2009年12月,《新牛津美國字典》宣告動詞「unfriend」做年度詞彙,定義做「喺Facebook呢啲社交網絡上面將某人移除做『朋友』」[492]。
Internet.org
[編輯]2013年8月,Facebook同另外6間科技公司合作創立咗Internet.org,旨在幫未發達國家同發展中國家去規劃同幫手去建立提供負擔得起嘅互聯網服務[493]。呢項叫做Free Basics嘅服務包含各種低頻寬應用程式,例如係AccuWeather、BabyCenter、BBC News、ESPN同埋Bing[494][495]。Internet.org喺印度遇到強烈嘅反對。呢個服務喺2015年同信實通信合作喺印度開始推出,但係1年後就畀印度電信監管局(TRAI)禁止。2018年,朱克伯格聲稱話「Internet.org嘅努力已經幫咗差唔多1億人上網,如果唔係佢哋可能冇呢個機會[494]。」
環境
[編輯]Facebook喺2021年宣布,佢哋嚟緊會努力阻止有關氣候變遷嘅虛假訊息傳播。嗰間公司嚟緊會以佐治·美臣大學、耶魯大學氣候變遷傳播計劃同埋劍橋大學做資訊來源。嗰間公司仲會將佢哋嘅氣候資訊中心擴展去到16個國家。其他國家嘅用家嚟緊會被導向去到聯合國環境署嘅網站嚟攞到資料[496]。
政治
[編輯]2008年2月,1個叫做「

有好多記者喺阿拉伯之春嗰陣口口聲聲話Facebook喺2011年埃及示威入面發揮咗重要作用[499][500]。
喺2011年2月14號爆發嘅2011年巴林反政府示威入面,巴林政權同埋佢嘅支持者利用Facebook嚟識別、逮捕仲起訴參與抗議活動嘅公民。1個叫做阿亞特·庫爾梅齊嘅廿歲女子透過Facebook被確認做抗議者仲畀人監禁[502]。2011年,Facebook向聯邦選舉委員會提交文件,成立咗1個叫做FB PAC嘅政治行動委員會[503]。Facebook嘅發言人喺佢哋畀《國會山莊報》嘅1封電郵裡面話:「Facebook嘅政治行動委員會會畀個方法我哋嘅員工能夠透過支持同我哋目標一致嘅候選人喺政治過程裡面發聲,即係將創新嘅價值推廣到我哋嘅經濟,同時賦予其他人有分享嘅力量,令世界更加開放同連結[504]。
喺敘利亞內戰嗰陣,西庫爾德斯坦嘅自由意志主義武裝「
超過100萬人為咗參與而安裝咗個叫做「
Facebook曾經用咗幾個計劃嚟鼓勵佢嘅用家去做投票登記同埋投票。Facebook喺2012年嘅1項實驗入面涉及向用家騷出已經投咗票嘅朋友張相;同唔鼓勵投票嘅對照組相比,睇到相嘅用家報告話佢哋亦都有投票嘅機會高咗大約2%[521]。2020年,Facebook宣布佢哋嘅目標係幫400萬個美國選民做登記,仲話截至9月已經完成咗250萬個選民嘅登記[522]。
Facebook-劍橋分析數據醜聞做咗另一個畀人認為係企圖影響選舉嘅例子[228][523]。《衛報》口口聲聲話Facebook呢兩年嚟都知道呢個安全漏洞,但係喺醜聞曝光之前並冇做過任何措施去阻止佢[524]。Facebook禁止咗政治廣告嚟防止選民喺美國11月大選入面畀人操縱。文宣嘅專家話,虛假資訊仲可以透過其他方法喺社交媒體平台上面接觸到選民,而封鎖政治廣告並唔係個行之有效嘅解決方案[525]。
2024年3月,美國前總統當勞侵話,如果取締TikTok會令佢叫嗰樣嘢做「人民公敵」嘅Facebook嘅生意規模翻倍。佢喺總統拜登話佢準備好簽署法例之後,要求TikTok嘅擁有者字節跳動賣咗呢個影片平台,如果唔係就要面臨喺美國嘅禁令[526]。
印度
[編輯]Facebook喺2019年印度大選前夕已經刪除咗103個源自巴基斯坦嘅Facebook同Instagram平台上嘅專頁、群組仲有帳號。Facebook話佢哋嘅調查發現呢啲帳戶同巴基斯坦軍方有關聯,其中有巴基斯坦三軍公共關係部(ISPR)員工嘅真實戶口,亦都有佢哋開嘅假帳戶網絡,而呢啲帳戶一直經營緊軍事粉絲專頁同埋綜合興趣專頁嚟試吓掩飾佢哋自己身份嘅同時,佢哋亦都發佈有關印度政治嘅內容[527]。Facebook基於同樣嘅原因而刪除咗687個國會嘅頁面同帳號,理由係呢啲帳號喺平台上面存在住協同造假嘅行為[528]。
睇埋
[編輯]- 環境意識 — 用嚟形容一種外圍社會意識嘅術語
- 愛爾蘭共和國嘅公司稅
- 網絡追蹤 — 惡意利用網路嚟監視使用者活動
- DARPA LifeLog — 美國國防資料記錄計劃
- 雙重愛爾蘭安排 — 稅務方案
- 社交媒體時間線
- 六度分隔理論 — 社會裡面所有人之間互相連結嘅概念
- Facebook惡意軟件 — Facebook上面嘅惡意軟件事件同埋因應措施
- 監控資本主義 — 政治經濟學裡面嘅概念
- 微博
- 領英
類似網站
[編輯]出面網頁
[編輯]- Facebook公司
- Facebook(按瀏覽器語言顯示)
- Facebook.com (臺灣正體)
- Facebook.com (香港繁體)
- Facebook.com (簡體中文)
- Facebook官方網誌 (英文)
- Facebook嘅開發者平台
- 其它
參考
[編輯]- ↑ "How do I report a child under the age of 14 on Facebook in South Korea, Spain or Quebec, Canada?". Facebook. 原先內容歸檔喺October 13, 2023. 喺October 9, 2023搵到.
- ↑ "How Many Users Does Facebook Have in 2024?". Oberlo. 喺January 11, 2025搵到.
- ↑ "facebook.com". similarweb.com. 原先內容歸檔喺November 12, 2023. 喺November 15, 2023搵到.
- ↑ Miller, Chance (December 17, 2019). "These were the most-downloaded apps and games of the decade". 9to5Mac (美國英文). 原先內容歸檔喺December 17, 2019. 喺December 17, 2019搵到.
- ↑ "Facebook Messenger finally allows you to edit messages, but you'll only have 15 minutes to do so". Mezha.Media.
- ↑ Peters, Jay (December 11, 2023). "Messenger now lets you edit messages". The Verge.
- ↑ Cadwalladr, Carole; Graham-Harrison, v (May 24, 2018). "Facebook accused of conducting mass surveillance through its apps". The Guardian (英文). 原先內容歸檔喺January 14, 2021. 喺October 9, 2020搵到.
- ↑ Mahdawi, Arwa (December 21, 2018). "Is 2019 the year you should finally quit Facebook?". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺May 28, 2023. 喺January 24, 2019搵到.
- ↑ Phillips, Sarah (July 25, 2007). "A brief history of Facebook". The Guardian.
- ↑ Levy, Steven (2020). Facebook: The Inside Story. New York City, New York: Penguin Random House. 原著喺October 3, 2025歸檔.
- 1 2 3 Kaplan, Katharine A. (November 19, 2003). "Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board". The Harvard Crimson. 原先內容歸檔喺May 4, 2019. 喺June 24, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Hoffman, Claire (September 15, 2010). "The Battle For Facebook". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. 原著喺December 26, 2018歸檔. 喺July 4, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Rothman, Lily (February 4, 2015). "Happy Birthday, Facebook". Time. 原先內容歸檔喺December 26, 2018. 喺July 4, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Weinberger, Matt (September 7, 2017). "33 photos of Facebook's rise from a Harvard dorm room to world domination". Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. 原先內容歸檔喺December 26, 2018. 喺December 13, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Rosmarin, Rachel (September 11, 2006). "Open Facebook". Forbes. New York. 原先內容歸檔喺March 23, 2019. 喺June 13, 2008搵到.
- ↑ Nguyen, Lananh (April 12, 2004). "Online network created by Harvard students flourishes". The Tufts Daily. Medford, MA. 原先內容歸檔喺February 14, 2021. 喺November 30, 2018搵到.
- ↑ Rosen, Ellen (May 26, 2005). "Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million". The New York Times. 原先內容歸檔喺May 29, 2005. 喺May 18, 2009搵到.
- ↑ "Company Timeline" (新聞稿). Facebook. January 1, 2007. 原先內容歸檔喺January 6, 2019. 喺March 5, 2008搵到.
- ↑ "Why you should beware of Facebook". The Age. Melbourne. January 20, 2008. 原先內容歸檔喺December 26, 2018. 喺April 30, 2008搵到.
- ↑ Parker, Sean (April 16, 2015). "Reid Hoffman: The World's 100 Most Influential People". Time. 原先內容歸檔喺October 30, 2023. 喺June 20, 2023搵到.
- ↑ Williams, Christopher (October 1, 2007). "Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com". The Register. Situation Publishing. 原先內容歸檔喺December 26, 2018. 喺March 23, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Abram, Carolyn (September 26, 2006). "Welcome to Facebook, everyone". The Facebook Blog. 原先內容歸檔喺January 11, 2019. 喺March 8, 2008搵到.
- ↑ "Terms of Use". Facebook. November 15, 2007. 原先內容歸檔喺March 5, 2008. 喺March 5, 2008搵到.
- ↑ "Facebook Expansion Enables More People to Connect with Friends in a Trusted Environment". Facebook Newsroom. September 26, 2006. 原先內容歸檔喺December 26, 2018. 喺February 4, 2016搵到.
- ↑ Richmond, Riva (November 27, 2007). "Enterprise: Facebook, a Marketer's Friend; Site Offers Platform To Tout Products, Interact With Users". The Wall Street Journal. New York. p. B4.
- ↑ "How do I accept a friend request on Facebook?". Facebook Help Center. 喺3 May 2025搵到.
- ↑ "Choose who can see your post on Facebook". Facebook Help Center. 喺3 May 2025搵到.
- 1 2 "Groups". Facebook Help Center. 喺3 May 2025搵到.
- ↑ "What are the privacy options for Facebook groups?". Facebook Help Center. 喺3 May 2025搵到.
- ↑ "Video Ad Specs". Facebook Business Help Center. 喺3 May 2025搵到.
- ↑ "How Marketplace Works". Facebook Help Center. 喺3 May 2025搵到.
- ↑ "Sell something in a Facebook buy and sell group". Facebook Help Center. 喺3 May 2025搵到.
- ↑ "How to Host a Facebook Group Event Offline". Facebook Community. 喺3 May 2025搵到.
- ↑ Kincaid, Jason (February 9, 2009). "Facebook Activates "Like" Button; FriendFeed Tires Of Sincere Flattery". TechCrunch. AOL. 原先內容歸檔喺July 1, 2018. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Mangalindan, JP (April 21, 2015). "Facebook Likes don't go as far as they used to in News Feed update". Mashable. 原先內容歸檔喺October 19, 2020. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Constine, Josh (September 6, 2016). "How Facebook News Feed Works". TechCrunch. AOL. 原先內容歸檔喺January 29, 2021. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ "Like and React to Posts". Facebook Help Center. Facebook. 原先內容歸檔喺January 6, 2021. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Albanesius, Chloe (June 17, 2010). "Facebook Adds Ability to 'Like' Comments". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. 原先內容歸檔喺January 26, 2019. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Newton, Casey (February 24, 2016). "Facebook rolls out expanded Like button reactions around the world". The Verge. Vox Media. 原先內容歸檔喺February 14, 2021. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Stinson, Liz (February 24, 2016). "Facebook Reactions, the Totally Redesigned Like Button, Is Here". Wired. 原先內容歸檔喺December 3, 2020. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Garun, Natt (May 3, 2017). "Facebook reactions have now infiltrated comments". The Verge. Vox Media. 原先內容歸檔喺June 20, 2018. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Cohen, David (May 3, 2017). "Facebook Just Extended Reactions to Comments". Adweek. Beringer Capital. 原先內容歸檔喺February 21, 2021. 喺May 31, 2017搵到.
- ↑ Smith, Zadie (November 25, 2010). "Generation Why?". The New York Review of Books. 57 (18). 原先內容歸檔喺October 23, 2015. 喺February 15, 2014搵到.
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Facebook pages usually gain followers when people share posts with their friends. Chinese outlets receive far fewer shares than Western ones do, which implies that they use some other tactic to amass fans. Facebook has already accused Chinese actors of skullduggery. In March it sued four Chinese firms, which it said had sold "fake accounts, likes and followers".
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{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Roth, Emma (September 25, 2023). "Facebook can be sued over biased ad algorithm, says court". The Verge (英文). 喺June 23, 2024搵到.
- ↑ KONGsultant 文化篇之 —— 唔好咁失禮
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- ↑ Sun奇古怪:Sun潮語:【飛卜推】
- ↑ 做乜無啦啦會有J圖?
- ↑ 取消香港特殊地位唔關你事?
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- ↑ Ananth, Venkat (April 1, 2019). "Facebook takes down Pakistan military backed pages targeting India ahead of LS polls". The Economic Times. 喺April 1, 2019搵到.
- ↑ "Facebook Removes Nearly 700 Pages Linked to Congress Ahead of Polls". News18. April 2019. 喺April 1, 2019搵到.