細菌
細菌
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物種分類 | ||
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放線菌門 Actinobacteria(高G+C) 產水菌門 Aquificae
酸桿菌門 Acidobacteria |
生物分類學 |
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分類階級 |
域 | 界 | 門 | 綱 目 | 科 | 屬 | 種 |
二名法 |
三域系統 |
非細胞生物 |
細胞生物 |
細菌(粵拼:sai3 kwan2,Bacteria)係一種生物細胞。佢構成咗大範圍嘅原核微生物。通常細菌長幾微米,但有啲品種,可以長到去幾厘米。細菌乜形都有,例如係球形、棍形、螺旋形。細菌係地球上最早出現嘅生命形式之一,而且存在喺地球大部分嘅棲息地。細菌棲息喺泥土、水、酸性溫泉,放射性廢物同地殼深層生物圈度[2]。細菌重同植物同動物有住共生同寄生嘅啦掕。研究細菌嘅學科嗌做細菌學,係微生物學嘅一個分支。
喺人類同大多數動物,腸入面嘅細菌數量最多,而皮膚上嘅細菌都好多[3]。免疫系統嘅保護作用令到體內絕大多數嘅細菌都係冇害,甚至一啲腸道菌對人係有益嘅。但係,幾種細菌都係令人病性,而且有傳染性,包括霍亂、梅毒、炭疽、麻風同鼠疫。最常見嘅致命細菌性疾病係呼吸道感染。齋係結核病每年就搞到約莫200萬人死,其中大部分都係喺撒哈拉以南嘅非洲地區。[4]抗生素畀人用嚟醫細菌感染,重用喺農業生產度,令到抗生素抗藥性成為一個日益嚴重嘅問題。喺工業上,細菌喺污水處理同漏油嘅分解、通過發酵生產芝士同酸奶、採礦業嘅金、鈀、銅同第啲金屬嘅回收、同埋抗生素同第啲化學品嘅製造度起到緊要嘅作用[5][6]。
個名點嚟
[編輯]「細菌」嘅英文「Bacteria」呢個詞係新拉丁文「bacterium」嘅複數形式,係希臘話βακτήριον(bakterion)嘅拉丁化串字,而βακτηρία(bakteria)嘅細寫字母,解做「棍」,因為第一個被發現嘅細菌係棍形嘅[7][8]。
細菌學史
[編輯]細菌最早係由荷蘭顯微鏡學家列文虎克(Antonie van Leeuwenhoek)喺1676年用自己設計嘅單透鏡顯微鏡而睇到。[9]跟住,他通過一系列寄畀倫敦皇家學會嘅信發表咗自己嘅睇法。[10][11][12]
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg喺1828年引入咗「細菌」呢個詞。[13]實際上,佢嘅細菌係包埋非孢子形成嘅桿狀細菌嘅屬,[14]同芽孢桿菌(Bacillus)相反,芽孢桿菌係Ehrenberg喺1835年定義嘅由孢子形成嘅桿狀細菌嘅屬[15]。
巴斯德(Louis Pasteur)喺1859年證明咗微生物嘅生長會導致發酵過程,而且呢種生長唔係自發產生嘅(通常同發酵有啦掕嘅依士同黴菌唔係細菌,而係真菌)。巴斯德同羅伯柯霍(Robert Koch)一齊係疾病細菌理論嘅早期倡導者。[16]
醫學同微生物學嘅先驅羅伯柯霍(Robert Koch)研究咗霍亂、炭疽同肺結核。喺對結核病嘅研究度,羅拔哥終於證明咗細菌學理論,呢樣嘢令到佢喺1905年攞到諾貝爾獎。[17]喺羅拔哥嘅假設度,佢規定咗測試生物體係咪係引起病嘅標準,而呢啲假設到到今日都重用緊。[18]
費迪南戈恩(Ferdinand Cohn)畀人話係係細菌學嘅奠基人,佢由1870年開始研究細菌。戈恩係第一個根據細菌形態對細菌進行分類嘅人。[19][20]
雖然喺19世紀已經知細菌係造成好多病嘅原因,但係就冇啲有效嘅抗菌方法。1910年,保羅埃亞里(Paul Ehrlich)通過選擇性噉染色梅毒螺旋體(引起梅毒嘅螺旋體)嘅染料變做選擇性殺死病原體嘅化合物,開發咗第一種抗生素。埃亞里因為佢喺免疫學方面嘅工作而攞到1908年諾貝爾獎。[21]
細菌研究喺1977年向前邁出咗重要嘅一步,卡奧禾斯(Carl Woese)知道咗古細菌有可以喺細菌度分離出嚟嘅進化系。呢種新嘅系統發育分類學取決於16S核醣體RNA嘅測序,而且將原核生物分咗做兩個進化域,作為三域系統嘅一部分。
細胞結構
[編輯]細菌內部
[編輯]細菌細胞畀細胞膜圍住,呢款細胞膜主要由磷脂整成。呢個膜負責圍住細胞入面嘅嘢,作用係保存營養、蛋白質同第啲喺細胞質入面嘅重要成分。同真核細胞唔同,細菌嘅細胞質通常冇乜結構係由膜包住嘅,例如真核細胞嘅核、粒線體、葉綠體同第啲細胞器[22] 。但係,有啲細菌喺細胞質度有結合蛋白質嘅細胞器,呢啲細胞器將細菌代謝嘅各個方面區分開嚟[23][24],例如羧基體[25]。另外,細菌有細胞骨架去控制蛋白質同核酸喺細胞內嘅定位,同控制細胞分裂嘅過程。[26][27][28]
攷
[編輯]- ↑ "Bacteria (eubacteria)". Taxonomy Browser, US National Institute of Health. 原先內容歸檔喺2016-04-12. 喺10 September 2008搵到.
- ↑ Fredrickson JK, Zachara JM, Balkwill DL, Kennedy D, Li SM, Kostandarithes HM, Daly MJ, Romine MF, Brockman FJ (July 2004). "Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (7): 4230–41. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004. PMC 444790. PMID 15240306.
- ↑ Sears CL (October 2005). "A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora". Anaerobe. 11 (5): 247–51. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001. PMID 16701579.
- ↑ "2002 WHO mortality data". 原先內容歸檔喺23 10月 2013. 喺20 1月 2007搵到.
- ↑ "Metal-Mining Bacteria Are Green Chemists". Science Daily. 2 9月 2010. 原先內容歸檔喺31 8月 2017.
- ↑ Ishige T, Honda K, Shimizu S (April 2005). "Whole organism biocatalysis". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 9 (2): 174–80. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.001. PMID 15811802.
- ↑ bacterium 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔,歸檔日期27 January 2011., on Oxford Dictionaries.
- ↑ Template:OEtymD
- ↑ Porter JR (June 1976). "Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria". Bacteriological Reviews. 40 (2): 260–69. doi:10.1128/mmbr.40.2.260-269.1976. PMC 413956. PMID 786250.
- ↑ van Leeuwenhoek A (1684). "An abstract of a letter from Mr. Anthony Leevvenhoek at Delft, dated Sep. 17, 1683, Containing Some Microscopical Observations, about Animals in the Scurf of the Teeth, the Substance Call'd Worms in the Nose, the Cuticula Consisting of Scales". Philosophical Transactions. 14 (155–166): 568–74. Bibcode:1684RSPT...14..568L. doi:10.1098/rstl.1684.0030.
- ↑ van Leeuwenhoek A (1700). "Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs". Philosophical Transactions. 22 (260–276): 509–18. Bibcode:1700RSPT...22..509V. doi:10.1098/rstl.1700.0013.
- ↑ van Leeuwenhoek A (1702). "Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F.R.S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them". Philosophical Transactions. 23 (277–288): 1304–11. Bibcode:1702RSPT...23.1304V. doi:10.1098/rstl.1702.0042. S2CID 186209549.
- ↑ Ehrenberg CG (1828). Symbolae Physioe. Animalia evertebrata. Berlin: Decas prima.
- ↑ Breed RS, Conn HJ (May 1936). "The Status of the Generic Term Bacterium Ehrenberg 1828". Journal of Bacteriology. 31 (5): 517–18. doi:10.1128/jb.31.5.517-518.1936. PMC 543738. PMID 16559906.
- ↑ Ehrenberg CG (1835). Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes [Third contribution to the knowledge of great organization in the direction of the smallest space] (德文). Berlin: Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 143–336.
- ↑ "Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory". LSU Law Center's Medical and Public Health Law Site, Historic Public Health Articles. 原先內容歸檔喺18 December 2006. 喺23 November 2006搵到.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobelprize.org. 原先內容歸檔喺10 December 2006. 喺22 November 2006搵到.
- ↑ O'Brien SJ, Goedert JJ (October 1996). "HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled". Current Opinion in Immunology. 8 (5): 613–18. doi:10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6. PMID 8902385.
- ↑ Chung, King-Thom. "Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828–1898): Pioneer of Bacteriology" (PDF). Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of Memphis. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺27 7月 2011.
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suggested) (help) - ↑ Drews, Gerhart (1999). "Ferdinand Cohn, a founder of modern microbiology" (PDF). ASM News. 65 (8): 547–52. 原著 (PDF)喺13 7月 2017歸檔.
- ↑ "Biography of Paul Ehrlich". Nobelprize.org. 原先內容歸檔喺28 November 2006. 喺26 November 2006搵到.
- ↑ Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Amon A, Scott MP (2013). Molecular Cell Biology (第7版). WH Freeman. p. 13. ISBN 978-1429234139.
- ↑ Bobik TA (May 2006). "Polyhedral organelles compartmenting bacterial metabolic processes". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 70 (5): 517–25. doi:10.1007/s00253-005-0295-0. PMID 16525780. S2CID 8202321.
- ↑ Yeates TO, Kerfeld CA, Heinhorst S, Cannon GC, Shively JM (September 2008). "Protein-based organelles in bacteria: carboxysomes and related microcompartments". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 6 (9): 681–91. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1913. PMID 18679172. S2CID 22666203.
- ↑ Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Tanaka S, Nguyen CV, Phillips M, Beeby M, Yeates TO (August 2005). "Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles". Science. 309 (5736): 936–38. Bibcode:2005Sci...309..936K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1026.896. doi:10.1126/science.1113397. PMID 16081736. S2CID 24561197.
- ↑ Gitai Z (March 2005). "The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture". Cell. 120 (5): 577–86. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.026. PMID 15766522. S2CID 8894304.
- ↑ Shih YL, Rothfield L (September 2006). "The bacterial cytoskeleton". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 70 (3): 729–54. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00017-06. PMC 1594594. PMID 16959967.
- ↑ Norris V, den Blaauwen T, Cabin-Flaman A, Doi RH, Harshey R, Janniere L, Jimenez-Sanchez A, Jin DJ, Levin PA, Mileykovskaya E, Minsky A, Saier M, Skarstad K (March 2007). "Functional taxonomy of bacterial hyperstructures". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 71 (1): 230–53. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00035-06. PMC 1847379. PMID 17347523.