古以色列人

出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書
  提示：呢篇文講嘅唔係以色列人或猶太人。

古以色列人（/ˈɪzrəlaɪts, -riə-/，[1][2] 希伯來文：בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל‎，羅馬拼音：Bənēy Yīsrāʾēl，意思係  ｢以色列之民｣）係一班閃語族群嘅部落，喺鐵器時代期間住喺迦南地[3][4][5][6]。

古以色列人嘅會幕嘅模型

“以色列”呢個名，最先喺法老麥倫普塔（英文：Mernaptah）喺主前1200年代所寫嘅版塊出現。現代嘅考古學發現，古以色列人係由迦南人分支出嚟，之後發展咗圍繞住雅威嘅一神論宗教[7][8][9][10][11]。佢哋講迦南話嘅一種方言，之後演變成爲聖經希伯來文[12]。喺鐵器時代期間，以色列聯合王國出現咗。喺王國分裂之後，北國以色列喺主前720年代俾亞述毀滅[13]，而南國猶大就喺主前586年俾巴比倫消滅[14]。古以色列人有部分俾人驅逐咗去巴比倫，但係喺居魯士大帝掌權之後，佢哋返咗去以色列[15][16]。

根據《聖經》記載，以色列人係雅各嘅後代，之後改咗名叫“以色列”。喺經過迦南地嘅一次旱災之後，雅各同佢嘅12個仔逃咗去古埃及，成爲以色列十二支派。以色列人喺埃及耐咗之後成爲咗奴隸，並喺摩西嘅帶領之下，成功逃離埃及，喺約書亞之下，成功佔據迦南。

大部分嘅學家都認爲妥拉嘅記載並唔完全合乎現實，反而係一種國家神話，但係内容嘅中心應該有真實嘅歷史背景[17]。聖經所提及嘅聯合王國亦同樣受唔同嘅學家質疑[18][19]。

猶太人同撒瑪利亞人都係以古以色列人為祖先[20][21][22][23]。猶太人嚟自猶大支派、便雅憫支派、同部分嘅利未支派。撒瑪利亞人嚟自約瑟支派入面嘅以法蓮支派同瑪拿西支派、同埋留咗喺迦南地嘅利未支派。有其他族群都有聲稱嚟自古以色列人。

睇埋[編輯]

攷[編輯]

  1. ↑ "Israelite". Lexico UK English Dictionary. 牛津大學出版社. 原著喺23 November 2021歸檔.
  2. ↑ "Israelite". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  3. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel. "Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the real Israel stand up?." The Biblical archaeologist 59.4 (1996): 198–212.
  4. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel. The archaeology of the Israelite settlement. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1988.
  5. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel, and Nadav Na'aman, eds. From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1994.
  6. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel. "The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view." Levant 28.1 (1996): 177–87.
  7. ↑ Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
  8. ↑ Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5
  9. ↑ Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. England: Sheffield Academic Press Ltd. pp. 28, 31. ISBN 1-85075-657-0.
  10. ↑ Haran, Menahem (1996). מקדש, מקרא ומנורה (英文). Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-003-3. It is also clear that there were polytheistic Yahwists in ancient Israel who worshiped YHWH along with other deities
  11. ↑ Collins, Steven; Holden, Joseph M. (2020-02-18). The Harvest Handbook of Bible Lands: A Panoramic Survey of the History, Geography, and Culture of the Scriptures (英文). Harvest House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7369-7542-1. At its inception, early Yahwism had animistic and polytheistic elements
  12. ↑ Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages, Routledge, pp. 145–173, ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7
  13. ↑ Broshi, Maguen (2001). Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-84127-201-6. 原先內容歸檔喺10 February 2023. 喺8 February 2022搵到.
  14. ↑ Faust, Avraham (2012-08-29). Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 1. doi:10.2307/j.ctt5vjz28. ISBN 978-1-58983-641-9.
  15. ↑ Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger (2015). Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. 7–11, 30, 226.
  16. ↑ Encyclopaedia Judaica.第3卷 (第2版). p. 27.
  17. ↑ Dever, William (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?. Eerdmans. pp. 98–99. ISBN 3-927120-37-5. After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.
  18. ↑ Thomas, Zachary (2016-04-22). "Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 46 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1177/0146107916639208. ISSN 0146-1079. S2CID 147053561.
  19. ↑ Lipschits, Oded (2014). "The history of Israel in the biblical period". 出自 Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (編). The Jewish Study Bible (英文) (第2版). Oxford University Press. pp. 2107–2119. ISBN 978-0-19-997846-5. 原先內容歸檔喺9 April 2023. 喺16 May 2022搵到. As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of “united monarchy” is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit comprised of Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called “Israel.”
  20. ↑ Adams, Hannah (1840). The history of the Jews : from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim. OCLC 894671497.
  21. ↑ Brenner, Michael (2010). A short history of the Jews. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14351-4. OCLC 463855870.
  22. ↑ Ostrer, Harry (2012). Legacy : a Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-1-280-87519-9. OCLC 798209542.
  23. ↑ Kartveit, Magnar (2014-01-01). "Review of Knoppers, Gary N., Jews and Samaritans: The Origins and History of Their Early Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013)". Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 14. doi:10.5508/jhs.2014.v14.r25. ISSN 1203-1542.
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