耶路撒冷
31°47′0″N 35°13′0″E / 31.78333°N 35.21667°E
耶路撒冷 希伯來文:יְרוּשָׁלַיִם 阿拉伯文:القُدس | ||
---|---|---|
城市 | ||
| ||
綽號:聖城 | ||
實際控制 | 以色列 | |
宣稱控制 | 以色列、 巴勒斯坦國 | |
最先人類居住 | 3000–2800 BCE | |
大衛之城 | c. 1000 BCE | |
城牆最後翻起 | 1541 | |
耶路撒冷分治 | 1948 | |
以色列完全吞并 | 1967 | |
成爲以色列首都 | 1980 | |
政府 | ||
• 類型 | 市長議會 | |
• 行政機構 | 耶路撒冷市議會 | |
• 市長 | Moshe Lion(利庫德) | |
面積 | ||
• 城市 | 125,156 平方公里(48,323 平方英里) | |
• 都會區 | 652,000 平方公里(252,000 平方英里) | |
海拔 | 754 米(2,474 英尺) | |
人口(2022) | ||
• 城市 | 971,800 | |
• 密度 | 7.8/平方公里(20/平方英里) | |
• 都會區 | 1,253,900 | |
時區 | 標準時區(UTC+02) | |
• 夏令時間 | 夏令時區(UTC+03) | |
郵政編碼 | 9XXXXXX | |
電話號碼 | +972-2 | |
網站 | jerusalem.muni.il |
耶路撒冷 (希伯來文:יְרוּשָׁלַיִם,羅馬拼音:Yerushaláyim、阿拉伯文:القُدس,羅馬拼音:al-Quds[1][2][3] [a]) ,唐朝景教期間譯做烏梨師斂 (敘利亞文:ܐܘܪܫܠܡ,羅馬拼音:Ūrišlem,意思係 「Shalem 嘅城市」)[4][5],係一座位於西亞巴勒斯坦地區嘅城市,喺地中海同埋死海之間。耶路撒冷係其中世界上最古老嘅城市之一。耶路撒冷同時係猶太教、基督教同埋伊斯蘭教三大宗教嘅聖地。以色列同巴勒斯坦兩邊都宣稱耶路撒冷係自己嘅首都,但係佢哋兩個都冇得到國際上嘅廣泛認同[6]。
歷史
[編輯]公認
[編輯]喺耶路撒冷悠久嘅歷史之中,耶路撒冷被毀滅2次、被圍城23次、曾經44次轉過手、同埋受過攻擊52次[7]。耶路撒冷古城自從公元前3,000年已經有人類住嘅跡象[8]。喺迦南時期 (公元前14世紀),呢座城為迦南嘅神靈 Shalem 而改名。喺古以色列人嘅時期,耶路撒冷成爲咗猶大王國嘅行政同宗教中心[9]。到1538年,喺鄂圖曼帝國嘅統治之下,耶路撒冷嘅城牆再一次翻起,一直到依家。呢埲牆畫出咗古城嘅範圍,入面包含咗亞美尼亞、基督教、猶太教、同回教區[10][11]。耶路撒冷古城喺1981年成爲咗世界遺產[12]。
根據宗教
[編輯]根據《塔納赫》,大衛王帶領古以色列人打贏耶路撒冷,建立咗以色列聯合王國。佢嘅仔所羅門王開始咗起耶路撒冷聖殿[b]。自此之後,耶路撒冷對猶太人成爲咗非常重要嘅城市[14][15][16][17][18],到流散之後更加成爲咗聖城 (希伯來文:עיר הקודש,羅馬拼音:'Ir ha-Qodesh)[19][20][21]。
喺基督教,因爲希伯來聖經對信徒係等同《舊約聖經》[22],所以耶路撒冷嘅地位同樣唔低。加上耶穌嘅受死同復活都係喺耶路撒冷範圍,所以就更加特別。
喺回教方面,耶路撒冷係第三大聖城,其次於麥加同麥地那[23][24][25][26]。耶路撒冷係最初回教徒向住嚟祈禱嘅方向[27]。除此之外,根據《可蘭經》同回教傳統,模罕默德喺621年嘅夜行去咗耶路撒冷,跟住升天同阿拉對話[28][29]。
因爲呢啲宗教對耶路撒冷嘅重視,所以耶路撒冷古城雖然面積只係得0.9平方公里[30],但係都佈滿住宗教建築,包括聖殿山嘅哭牆、圓頂清真寺、阿克薩清真寺、同埋聖墓大殿。
政治爭議
[編輯]到依家,耶路撒冷嘅政治地位仍然係一件非常有爭議性嘅題材,同時係以巴衝突嘅主要議題之一。喺第一次中東戰爭期間,西耶路撒冷成爲咗以色列一部分,而東耶路撒冷,包括耶路撒冷古城,就俾約旦吞并咗。到1967年六日戰爭之後,以色列完全控制同埋吞并耶路撒冷[c]。
喺以色列基本法嘅14條法例之中,包括咗承認全個耶路撒冷做以色列首都[34],而以色列嘅所有主要政治建築都係喺耶路撒冷。大部分國家嘅領事館都係喺特拉維夫嘅範圍[35][36]。
喺巴勒斯坦方面,巴勒斯坦基本法同樣視耶路撒冷為首都[34]。但係,巴勒斯坦解放組織嘅文件通常都只係叫東耶路撒冷做首都。喺2010年嘅一份文件入面,佢哋形容咗巴勒斯坦嘅願景:“東耶路撒冷將會係巴勒斯坦國嘅首都,而西耶路撒冷就會係以色列嘅首都”[37][38]。喺2013年嘅一份文件之中,提及到“巴勒斯坦首都——東耶路撒冷”,同時聲稱:“被佔領嘅東耶路撒冷係巴勒斯坦嘅自然社會、經濟、同政治中心,耶路撒冷一直同永遠都會係巴勒斯坦嘅中心”。除此之外,文件亦提到:“巴勒斯坦對1967年嘅邊界嘅承認,包括東耶路撒冷,已經係一個心痛嘅讓步[39]。
國際社會一般都拒絕承認耶路撒冷係任何一個國家嘅首都,通常立場係:耶路撒冷嘅地位,係需要以色列同巴勒斯坦自治政府直接談判之後,先至能夠得出結果。同時,大部分國家都認爲,以色列對東耶路撒冷嘅控制同吞并係屬於非法[40][41][42]。
人口
[編輯]自從1860年以嚟,耶路撒冷不斷發展。到2022年,市内嘅人口已經達到 971,800人,其中6成係猶太人,4成係巴勒斯坦人[43][d]。喺2020年,耶路撒冷嘅宗教分配係:57萬(60%)信猶太教、35萬(37%)信回教、1.6萬(1.7%)信基督教、另外仲有1.2萬(1.3%)係信其他[44]。
氣候
[編輯]耶路撒冷緯度喺北回歸線北面,靠近地中海,同以色列多數地區一樣,屬地中海氣候。耶路撒冷喺亞熱帶,喺冬季都算暖,但落雪都唔算罕見,通常每年至少會落雪一次。一月係一年中最凍嘅月份,平均高溫係12攝氏度(53華氏度),而一年中最熱嘅月份係七月同八月,平均高溫29攝氏度(84華氏度)。年平均降水量接近590毫米(23英寸),由5月到9月嘅夏季好少落雨。
耶路撒冷(1881年-2007年)氣候平均數據 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
月份 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 全年 |
歷史最高温 °C(°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.2 (99) |
36.8 (98.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
44.4 (111.9) |
37.8 (100) |
33.8 (92.8) |
29.4 (84.9) |
26 (79) |
44.4 (111.9) |
平均高温 °C(°F) | 11.8 (53.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
每日平均氣温 °C(°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
平均低温 °C(°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.8 (64) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
歷史最低温 °C(°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11 (52) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
平均降雨量 mm(英寸) | 133.2 (5.244) |
118.3 (4.657) |
92.7 (3.65) |
24.5 (0.965) |
3.2 (0.126) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.3 (0.012) |
15.4 (0.606) |
60.8 (2.394) |
105.7 (4.161) |
554.1 (21.815) |
平均降雨日數 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 9.6 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 62 |
平均相對濕度(%) | 72 | 69 | 63 | 58 | 41 | 44 | 52 | 57 | 58 | 56 | 61 | 69 | 58.3 |
每月平均日照時數 | 192.2 | 226.3 | 243.6 | 267.0 | 331.7 | 381.0 | 384.4 | 365.8 | 309.0 | 275.9 | 228.0 | 192.2 | 3,397.1 |
出處 #1:Israel Meteorological Service[45][46] | |||||||||||||
出處 #2:香港天文台[47] |
註
[編輯]- ↑ 喺其他語言:阿拉伯文:أورشليم القدس,羅馬拼音:ʾŪršalīm al-Quds (合并聖經同普遍用嘅名);古希臘文:Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα,羅馬拼音:Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; 亞美尼亞文:Երուսաղեմ.
- ↑ 大部分關於大衛王嘅資料都係嚟自《聖經》記述,但係自從1993年嘅一次挖掘之後,歷史學家同意可信性高咗[13]
- ↑ 西耶路撒冷嘅面積係城市嘅大概1/3,而東耶路撒冷就係2/3。當以色列吞并東耶路撒冷嘅時候,佢哋亦都包括埋西岸地區嘅唔少村鎮。以色列總共新控制嘅範圍,係約旦當時控制嘅東耶路撒冷嘅10倍面積[31][32][33]
- ↑ 統計係包括哂耶路撒冷全部地方,包括普遍承認係被佔領土嘅東耶路撒冷
攷
[編輯]- ↑ A-Z Guide to the Qur'an: A Must-have Reference to Understanding the Contents of the Islamic Holy Book by Mokhtar Stork (1999): "JERUSALEM: Referred to in Arabic as Baitul Muqaddas (The Holy House) or Baitul Maqdis (The House of the Sanctuary)".
- ↑ Pan-Islamism in India & Bengal by Mohammad Shah (2002), p. 63: "... protector of Mecca, Medina and Baitul Muqaddas, the sacred places of pilgrimage of the Muslim world"
- ↑ Elihay, Yohanan (2011). Speaking Arabic: a course in conversational Eastern (Palestinian) Arabic. Rothberg International School (第[2009 ed.], reprinted with corr. 2011版). Jerusalem: Minerva. p. 36. ISBN 978-965-7397-30-5. OCLC 783142368.
- ↑ 吳昶興 (2015年5月29號)。《《眞常之道:唐代基督教歷史與文獻研究》》。基督教學術叢書/論著系列。第11卷。台灣基督教文藝出版社。頁 202。ISBN 978-986-61-3129-5。喺2018年7月1號搵到。
- ↑ Anson H. Laytner; Jordan Paper, 編 (2017). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance (英文). Lexington Books. p. 79. ISBN 9781498550260. 喺2018-07-01搵到.
- ↑ Smith, William (6 December 2017). "Donald Trump confirms US will recognise Jerusalem as capital of Israel". The Guardian. 原先內容歸檔喺5 October 2023. 喺13 May 2017搵到.
- ↑ "Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City?". Moment Magazine. 原著喺3 June 2008歸檔. 喺5 March 2008搵到. According to Eric H. Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged.
- ↑ Greenberg, Raphael; Mizrachi, Yonathan (10 September 2013). "From Shiloah to Silwan – A Visitor's Guide". Emek Shaveh. 原著喺15 August 2022歸檔. 喺25 July 2018搵到.
- ↑ Sergi, Omer (2023). The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity. SBL Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-62837-345-5. 原先內容歸檔喺24 October 2023. 喺23 October 2023搵到.
- ↑ Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (1984). Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City. Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-312-44187-6.
- ↑ Teller, Matthew (2022). Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City. Profile Books. p. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-1-78283-904-0. 喺2023-05-30搵到.
- ↑ "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. 原先內容歸檔喺4 August 2017. 喺11 September 2010搵到.
- ↑ Pellegrino, Charles R. (1995). Return to Sodom & Gomorrah (第Second revised版). Harper Paperbacks. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-380-72633-2.
- ↑ Roger Friedland, Richard D. Hecht. To Rule Jerusalem, University of California Press, 2000, p. 8. ISBN 978-0-520-22092-8
- ↑ Leslie J. Hoppe. The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament, Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8146-5081-3
- ↑ Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict, Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. ISBN 978-0-02-864410-3
- ↑ Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond, Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 978-90-411-8843-4
- ↑ "Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem". Anti-Defamation League. 2007. 原著喺4 January 2013歸檔. 喺28 March 2007搵到.
- ↑ Reinoud Oosting, The Role of Zion/Jerusalem in Isaiah 40–55: A Corpus-Linguistic Approach,p. 117,於Google Books。 Brill 2012 pp. 117–18. 以賽亞書 48:2; 51:1; 尼希米書 11:1, 18; cf. 約珥書 4:17: 但以理書 5:24. The Isaiah section where they occur belong to deutero-Isaiah.
- ↑ Shalom M. Paul, Isaiah 40–66,p. 306,於Google Books。
- ↑ Golb, Norman (1997). "Karen Armstrong's Jerusalem – One City, Three Faiths". The Bible and Interpretation. 原著喺11 October 2013歸檔. 喺10 July 2013搵到.
- ↑ Joseph T. Lienhard, The Bible, the Church, and Authority: The Canon of the Christian Bible in History and Theology, Liturgical Press, 1995 pp. 65–66: 'The Septuagint is a Jewish translation and was also used in the synagogue. But at the end of the first century C.E. many Jews ceased to use the Septuagint because the early Christians had adopted it as their own translation, and it began to be considered a Christian translation.'
- ↑ Esposito, John L. (2002). What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0.
The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam
- ↑ Brown, Leon Carl (2000). "Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims". Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics. Columbia University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-231-12038-8.
- ↑ Hoppe, Leslie J. (2000). The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament. Michael Glazier Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8146-5081-3.
Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam...
- ↑ Middle East peace plans by Willard A. Beling: "The Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam after Mecca and Medina".
- ↑ Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann, 編 (1986). Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Template:Qref
- ↑ Buchanan, Allen (2004). States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52575-6. 喺9 June 2008搵到.
- ↑ Kollek, Teddy (1977). "Afterword". 出自 John Phillips (編). A Will to Survive – Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today. Dial Press/James Wade.
about 91公頃(225英畝)
- ↑ Walid Khalidi (1996) Islam, the West and Jerusalem. Center for Contemporary Arab Studies & Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding, Georgetown University, quotes the breakdown as follows: West Jerusalem in 1948: 16,261 dunums (14%); West Jerusalem added in 1967: 23,000 dunums (20%); East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums (5%); West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000 dunums (61%)
- ↑ Aronson, Geoffrey (1995). "Settlement Monitor: Quarterly Update on Developments". Journal of Palestine Studies. University of California Press, Institute for Palestine Studies. 25 (1): 131–40. doi:10.2307/2538120. JSTOR 2538120.
West Jerusalem: 35%; East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 4%; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 59%
- ↑ Benvenisti, Meron (1976). Jerusalem, the Torn City. Books on Demand. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7837-2978-7.
East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 2003 Amended Basic Law 互聯網檔案館嘅歸檔,歸檔日期11 February 2016.. Basic Law of Palestine. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ↑ "World Factbook - Israel". 中央情報局.
- ↑ "Map of Israel" (PDF).
- ↑ "Jerusalem Non-Paper" (PDF). PLO-NAD. June 2010. 原著 (PDF)喺6 February 2012歸檔. 喺25 July 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Statements and Speeches". nad-plo.org. p. 2. 原著喺18 April 2016歸檔. 喺25 November 2014搵到.
- ↑ "East Jerusalem today – Palestine's Capital: The 1967 border in Jerusalem and Israel's illegal policies on the ground" (PDF). PLO-Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD). August 2013. 原著 (PDF)喺4 March 2016歸檔. 喺25 November 2014搵到.
- ↑ "Resolution 298 September 25, 1971" (PDF). 聯合國. 25 September 1971. 原著喺8 August 2019歸檔. 喺25 July 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes". BBC News. 26 February 2010. 原先內容歸檔喺12 June 2018. 喺18 September 2013搵到.
- ↑ "Israel plans 1,300 East Jerusalem Jewish settler homes". BBC News. 9 November 2010. 原先內容歸檔喺19 November 2018. 喺20 June 2018搵到.
- ↑ "Selected Data on the Occasion of Jerusalem Day, 2022". cbs.gov.il. 26 May 2022. 原先內容歸檔喺28 May 2023. 喺30 Mar 2023搵到.
- ↑ "Table III/9 – Population in Israel and in Jerusalem, by Religion, 1988 – 2020" (PDF). jerusaleminstitute.org.il. 2022. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺26 March 2023. 喺27 December 2022搵到.
- ↑ "Long Term Climate Information for Israel". June 2011. 原著喺2010-09-14歸檔.
- ↑ "Record Data in Israel". 原著喺2018-12-25歸檔. 喺2012-11-12搵到.
- ↑ "Climatological Information for Jerusalem, Israel". Hong Kong Observatory. 原著喺2016-03-03歸檔. 喺2012-11-12搵到.