天才

天才（粵拼：tin1 coi4 ）呢個詞喺科學上冇咩具體定義^[1]，大致上係指極具某啲天賦才能嘅人。天才嘅智力同創意都明顯比平凡人高，當中有啲會精通多個領域，有啲就係單一領域嘅專家^[2]。

概念思考

天才一詞通常用嚟形容某個人喺智能、創造力或者天份上嘅表現。不過喺心理學同神經科學—呢兩個領域都有研究人類嘅認知能力—等嘅科學領域之中，呢隻詞並冇廣受接納嘅定義^[1]。呢啲領域嘅研究者一般都傾向用可量化嘅指標去探討人類能力嘅差異，譬如係智商測試呀噉，好少可會用天才呢啲相對含糊同帶有文化價值判斷嘅概念。

資優喺教育心理學範疇入面，指緊智能明顯高過平均水平嘅人士。喺心理學上，資優通常會透過智商測試嚟定義，例如以智商分數達到 130 以上作為界線。資優者未必一定會被視為天才，但佢哋喺學術、藝術或者其他範疇往往有潛力或者表現較突出^[3]^[4]。

專家係指喺某啲特定領域當中具備深厚知識或者經驗嘅人。專家未必有特別高嘅智商或者創意，但係佢哋往往喺長期實踐同累積經驗之下，發展出獨特嘅見解同技術層面嘅精熟度。專家通常代表後天學習嘅成果，而天才就好多時會視為先天潛能嘅體現。

自閉學者（對應英文：savant ^{[註 1]}）係指有啲個體雖然喺社交或語言等方面有障礙，甚至智障，但喺某一特定領域，例如數學、音樂、記憶、畫畫等，表現出極高才能。呢種現象有時會稱為侷限天才，顯示人類智能喺唔同層面可以出現極端分化^[5]^{:p. 1}。亦可以睇睇雙重特殊同一般智能因素等嘅概念。

歷史例子

史上有唔少人都被稱為天才。

例如歐拔·愛因斯坦噉，佢係二十世紀最具影響力嘅物理學家之一。佢出名在諗出咗相對論，特別係狹義相對論同廣義相對論，徹底改變人類對時間、空間同能量嘅理解。據講愛因思坦自細就對自然現象充滿好奇，雖然佢喺傳統教育體系下成績唔算突出，但佢擁有強烈嘅思考力同想像力^[6]。而佢曾經多次講過，主張想像力緊要過知識。

睇埋

引咗

1 2 Robinson, Andrew. "Can We Define Genius?". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC. 喺25 May 2017搵到.
↑ Cox, Catherine M. (1926). The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 2. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.
↑ Bartholomew, David J. (2004). Measuring Intelligence: Facts and Fallacies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-521-54478-8. Lay summary (27 July 2010). "When we come to quantities like IQ or g, as we are presently able to measure them, we shall see later that we have an even lower level of measurement—an ordinal level. This means that the numbers we assign to individuals can only be used to rank them—the number tells us where the individual comes in the rank order and nothing else."
↑ Mackintosh 1998, pp. 30–31 "In the jargon of psychological measurement theory, IQ is an ordinal scale, where we are simply rank-ordering people. ... It is not even appropriate to claim that the 10-point difference between IQ scores of 110 and 100 is the same as the 10-point difference between IQs of 160 and 150"
↑ Park, H. O. (2023). Autism spectrum disorder and savant syndrome: A systematic literature review (PDF). Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(2), 76，呢篇文係綜述文。
↑ Whittaker, E. (1 November 1955). "Albert Einstein. 1879-1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 37-67.

註釋

↑ 留意 savant 一詞所指嘅，有別於喺大學做研究嗰啲學者。

[canwedefine-1] 1 2 Robinson, Andrew. "Can We Define Genius?". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC. 喺25 May 2017搵到.

[2] Cox, Catherine M. (1926). The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 2. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.

[3] Bartholomew, David J. (2004). Measuring Intelligence: Facts and Fallacies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-521-54478-8. Lay summary (27 July 2010). "When we come to quantities like IQ or g, as we are presently able to measure them, we shall see later that we have an even lower level of measurement—an ordinal level. This means that the numbers we assign to individuals can only be used to rank them—the number tells us where the individual comes in the rank order and nothing else."

[4] Mackintosh 1998, pp. 30–31 "In the jargon of psychological measurement theory, IQ is an ordinal scale, where we are simply rank-ordering people. ... It is not even appropriate to claim that the 10-point difference between IQ scores of 110 and 100 is the same as the 10-point difference between IQs of 160 and 150"

[Park2023-6] Park, H. O. (2023). Autism spectrum disorder and savant syndrome: A systematic literature review (PDF). Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(2), 76，呢篇文係綜述文。

[7] Whittaker, E. (1 November 1955). "Albert Einstein. 1879-1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 37-67.

[5] 留意 savant 一詞所指嘅，有別於喺大學做研究嗰啲學者。

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