社會生物學

社會生物學（英文：Sociobiology ）係一套跨領域嘅研究，結合咗生物學同社會學：社會生物學專門用進化論同相關嘅生物學概念，剖析唔同動物物種嘅社會行為，並且將呢啲分析應用落去社會學等嘅社科領域嗰度，用嚟解釋人類嘅社會行為，仲有係理解呢啲行為點樣形成社會現象^[1]^[2]。

基本概念

舉例說明，社交梳理係一種動物社會行為，指有社會性嘅動物物種，譬如係狒狒，個體與個體之間彼此幫對方梳理對方嘅儀容。例如想像某隻狒狒背脊上面有笪毛皮污糟咗，笪嘢因為黐咗喺背脊度，佢手掂唔到，於是佢嘅同伴就郁手幫佢梳走笪嘢，由進化論嘅角度思考，呢種行為有益得嚟又低成本，

有益：幫同伴做梳理有助自己改善同同伴嘅關係；
低成本：幫同伴梳理通常都唔係咁嘥時間精神，唔會對自己造成明顯嘅負面影響；

所以呢種行為，能夠幫隻動物個體提升自己生存繁殖嘅能力，於是就成功通過物競天擇嘅考驗流傳到落嚟。是謂進化論解釋動物嘅社會行為^[3]^[4]。同時上述嘅討論喺人類身上都成立：原則上對人嚟講，幫同伴執靚儀容嘅行為，都係唔使花太多時間精神就做到，而且又有助維持同伴間嘅關係，而事實表明，人類成日都會以梳頭同化妝等嘅方法，幫同伴執靚儀容^[5]。由此可見，對社會行為嘅進化論分析，適用於人類社會現象同第啲動物身上。

除咗社交梳理之外，有好多社會行為都係喺人同第啲動物身上都見到嘅，例子有求偶^[6]、霸地盤^[7]同埋成群打獵^[8]等等。到咗二十一世紀初，社會生物學經已取得咗相當嘅成功，成為現代生物學同社會學上嘅重要理論^[1]。

爭議

社會生物學嘅廣泛應用亦都引起過一啲爭議，例如如果人嘅社會行為可以由進化解釋，由於進化係物種嘅遺傳特性隨時間演變，噉就表示人嘅社會行為最少有一部份係天生嘅，而行為係咪天生，呢條問題喺廿世紀不嬲都廣受爭議^[9]。

睇埋

引述

1 2 Wilson, E. O. (2000). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press.
↑ Barash, D. P. (1977). Sociobiology and behavior. Elsevier North-Holland, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA.
↑ Henazi S.P., Barrett L. (January 1999). "The value of grooming to female primates". Primates; Journal of Primatology. 40 (1): 47–59.
↑ de Waal F. (1989). Peacemaking among primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
↑ Dunbar, R. I. (2010). The social role of touch in humans and primates: behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(2), 260-268.
↑ Kleiman, Devra G (1977). "Monogamy in Mammals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 52 (1): 39–69.
↑ Partecke, J.; von Haeseler, A.; Wikelski, M. (2002). "Territory establishment in lekking marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: support for the hotshot mechanism". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 51 (6): 579–587.
↑ Bshary R.; Hohner A.; Ait-el-Djoudi K.; Fricke H. (2006). "Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the Red Sea". PLOS Biology. 4 (12): 431.
↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. p. Introduction to the Revised Edition.

拎

社會生物學，史丹福哲學百科全書

[wilson2000-1] 1 2 Wilson, E. O. (2000). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press.

[2] Barash, D. P. (1977). Sociobiology and behavior. Elsevier North-Holland, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA.

[3] Henazi S.P., Barrett L. (January 1999). "The value of grooming to female primates". Primates; Journal of Primatology. 40 (1): 47–59.

[4] Waal F. (1989). Peacemaking among primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[5] Dunbar, R. I. (2010). The social role of touch in humans and primates: behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(2), 260-268.

[6] Kleiman, Devra G (1977). "Monogamy in Mammals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 52 (1): 39–69.

[7] Partecke, J.; von Haeseler, A.; Wikelski, M. (2002). "Territory establishment in lekking marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: support for the hotshot mechanism". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 51 (6): 579–587.

[8] Bshary R.; Hohner A.; Ait-el-Djoudi K.; Fricke H. (2006). "Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the Red Sea". PLOS Biology. 4 (12): 431.

[9] Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. p. Introduction to the Revised Edition.

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