恐怖谷

一幅圖畫，描繪想像中嘅喪屍；好似喪屍就「似人非人」－就噉望落似人，但冇智能同會周圍搵人肉食（同人有某啲根上上嘅差異）。

恐怖谷（粵拼：hung2 bou3 guk1；英文：uncanny valley；日文：不気味の谷現象）係一個有關情緒嘅諗頭。簡化講，恐怖谷理論講嘅嘢係：

「

『似人非人』嘅物件會令人覺得恐怖。

」

恐怖谷呢個諗頭源自機械人學，而到咗廿一世紀初，恐怖谷經已俾人應用落去角色設計同埋恐怖文學等嘅領域嗰度。

概論[編輯]

睇埋：恐懼

精確啲講嘅話，恐怖谷個諗頭如下。

家陣畫條線，X 軸表示「件物體似人類嘅程度」，而 Y 軸就表示「人類對嗰件物體嘅好感」。根據恐怖谷相關嘅心理實驗，條線會有一個谷^[1]：

人一般對完全唔似人嘅物體（ $x=0$ ）－例如工業機械人－冇乜特別好感；
當一件物體開始似人類（ $x$ 數值升），人通常會開始對佢有好感，例如係有眼耳口鼻、個樣特登整到好卡通化嘅機械人或者公仔；
當相似度高到某個點、但嗰件物體又好明顯唔係人（ $x$ 升到咁上下，去到某一個點），一般人對件物體嘅好感會急跌，會覺得件物體恐怖，或者覺得毛骨悚然，例如係喪屍，或者像真度高但明顯唔係人嘅機械人；
一般人對健康嘅人（最似人嘅物體； $x$ 去到最大值）最有好感^[2]。

下圖 Y 軸表示 familiarity－好感度，X 軸表示 human likeness－似人度；實線代表靜止唔郁嘅物體，喺呢條線最低點嘅係死屍（corpse），而虛線代表曉郁嘅物體，喺呢條線最低點嘅係喪屍（zombie）。

喺上面幅圖裏面， $y$ 喺 $x=0$ 嗰陣會係 0，而隨住 $x$ 數值升， $y$ 會跟住升；當 $x$ 升到咁上下去到某一個點， $y$ 會急跌；然後當 $x$ 去到最大值嗰陣， $y$ 會急升同去到最高點。呢條線當中嗰個「谷」就係所謂嘅恐怖谷－「因為覺得件物體恐怖，而造成嘅好感度低谷」^[3]。

應用[編輯]

睇埋：人形機械人、虛構角色同埋恐怖文學

恐怖谷理論喺理論同實用上都用：

喺機械人學同電腦圖像學等嘅領域上，恐怖谷理論對人形機械人或者虛構角色嘅設計有所啟示，啲人設計呢啲嘢嗰陣往往想避免件嘢進入「似人非人」嘅恐怖谷^[4]^[5]。
恐怖文學好興運用恐怖谷嚟令創作嘅角色恐怖，好似喪屍同吸血鬼等恐怖文學成日用嘅橋段，都係講到一啲「望落似人但明顯唔係人」嘅事物^[6]。

... 呀噉。

睇埋[編輯]

文獻[編輯]

Bartneck, C., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., & Hagita, N. (2007). Is the uncanny valley an uncanny cliff? Proceedings of the 16th IEEE, RO-MAN 2007, Jeju, Korea, pp. 368–373.
Miklósi, Ádám and Korondi, Péter and Matellán, Vicente and Gácsi, Márta Ethorobotics: A New Approach to Human-Robot Relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 2017, 8, p. 958.

攷[編輯]

↑ MacDorman, K. F.; Chattopadhyay, D. (2016). "Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not" (PDF). Cognition. 146: 190-205.
↑ Mathur, Maya B.; Reichling, David B. (2016). "Navigating a social world with robot partners: a quantitative cartography of the Uncanny Valley". Cognition. 146: 22–32.
↑ MacDorman, K. F.; Ishiguro, H. (2006). "The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research" (PDF). Interaction Studies. 7 (3): 297–337.
↑ MacDorman, K. F.; Chattopadhyay, D. (2016). "Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not" (PDF). Cognition. 146: 190-205.
↑ MacDorman, K. F.; Ishiguro, H. (2006). "The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research" (PDF). Interaction Studies. 7 (3): 297-337.
↑ Laks, Z. A. (2015). Derelict dolls and strange spaces: the horror of the uncanny valley in the films of Roman Polanski. Studies in Eastern European Cinema, 6(2), 154-168.

拎[編輯]

Uncanny Valley. TV Tropes.

[1] MacDorman, K. F.; Chattopadhyay, D. (2016). "Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not" (PDF). Cognition. 146: 190-205.

[2] Mathur, Maya B.; Reichling, David B. (2016). "Navigating a social world with robot partners: a quantitative cartography of the Uncanny Valley". Cognition. 146: 22–32.

[3] MacDorman, K. F.; Ishiguro, H. (2006). "The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research" (PDF). Interaction Studies. 7 (3): 297–337.

[4] MacDorman, K. F.; Chattopadhyay, D. (2016). "Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not" (PDF). Cognition. 146: 190-205.

[5] MacDorman, K. F.; Ishiguro, H. (2006). "The uncanny advantage of using androids in social and cognitive science research" (PDF). Interaction Studies. 7 (3): 297-337.

[6] Laks, Z. A. (2015). Derelict dolls and strange spaces: the horror of the uncanny valley in the films of Roman Polanski. Studies in Eastern European Cinema, 6(2), 154-168.

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恐怖谷

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