靚

靚leng3（英文：beauty，形容詞係 beautiful，粵拼：biu1 ti4 fou4），又或者叫美感mei5 gam2，係人、動物、地方、靜物甚至乎諗法可以具有嘅一種特性。一個人喺感知到佢覺得係靚嘅事物嗰陣，會有一股快感同滿足感^[2]。

美學（esthetics）係藝術同哲學上嘅一個領域，專門思考

「

乜嘢係靚？

」

呢條問題。呢方面嘅學者普遍認為，靚呢個概念係有可能定義嘅：事實表明，「一樣嘢靚唔靚」有些少主觀，即係所謂嘅各花入各眼gok3 faa1 jap6 gok3 ngaan5^[3]（beauty is in the eye of the beholder）；而唔同時代、唔同族群以至唔同個體對「點至算係靚」睇法可以好唔同^[4]^[5]；不過又有學者指，靚亦明顯有啲客觀－事實表明，有好多事物都係俾多數人覺得佢哋靚嘅，噉即係表示靚唔完全係個個人睇法唔同。

美學呢個領域其中一個最重要嘅目標就係想知到底呢啲「多數人都覺得靚」嘅特性係乜，而包括畫家在內嘅藝術工作者就會用呢啲知識，務求整出俾多數人覺得係靚嘅作品^[6]^[7]。

大自然嘅靚[編輯]

以下係一啲俾好多人覺得係靚嘅自然事物：

曙暮光^[8]

星雲^[9]

多種嘅蝴蝶^{[註 1]}

夜空^[10]

極光^[11]

紅葉^[12]

科學觀點[編輯]

睇埋：藝術心理學

進化解釋[編輯]

睇埋：性選擇

有視覺藝術方面嘅學者主張，人一般都對喺幾何上具有某啲特性嘅視覺刺激有好感，會覺得呢啲嘢有美感。佢哋當中有人由生物學嘅角度思考：

佢哋指出，稍為複雜啲嘅動物都會進化到鍾意顯示食物出現嘅物理刺激，例如食昆蟲嘅哺乳類動物會對「識郁嘅黑色點點」（望落似周圍爬嚟爬去嘅細隻昆蟲）有好感－就算呢啲黑色點點唔係真係昆蟲都好^[13]；
人類係一種雜食動物，所以理論上會進化成對任何望落似有生命嘅嘢（即係對人類嚟講有可能係食得嘅嘢）有上述呢種反應，而有生命嘅嘢普遍都喺幾何上具有某啲特性嘅，例如健康正常嘅生物一般都係左右大致上對稱嘅，於是人類就進化成會對具有呢啲特性嘅冇生命物體（例如係對稱嘅人造藝術品）有好感，令到對稱成為咗受歡迎嘅藝術品常有嘅特徵之一^[14]。

一塊大致左右對稱嘅樹葉
一隻大致左右對稱嘅蝴蝶
一棟喺形狀上大致左右對稱嘅建築物

神經美學[編輯]

內文：神經美學

到咗廿一世紀，仲開始有人用腦神經學方法嚟研究靚呢個概念。神經美學（neuroesthetics）係美學嘅一個子領域，旨在用神經科學方法研究靚：神經美學上嘅研究會用神經造影方法，要受試者一路睇畫等嘅藝術品、一路監察住受試者嘅腦活動，然後再要求受試者對睇到嘅藝術品「係咪靚」作出判斷，嘗試靠噉嚟探討「見到靚嘅嘢嗰陣，個人嘅腦入面發生緊乜事」以及「點解人會覺得某啲事物靚」等嘅問題^[15]。

睇埋[編輯]

藝術
故仔
人格化
卷積神經網絡，一種成日俾人攞嚟分析圖像（包括視藝作品）嘅人工神經網絡。

註釋[編輯]

↑ 可以睇埋 TV Tropes 嘅 Pretty Butterflies。

註[編輯]

↑ Inglis, Erik (2003). "Gothic Architecture and a Scholastic: Jean de Jandun's Tractatus de laudibus Parisius". Gesta. 42 (XLII/1): 63-85.
↑ Konstan, David (2014). Beauty - The Fortunes of an Ancient Greek Idea. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30-35.
↑ [1].
↑ Steinar Kvale The Social Construction of Validity, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 1, No. 1, 19-40 (1995).
↑ Social Construction: A Reader, Mary MacCanney Gergen, Kenneth J. Sage Publications Ltd Gergen. ISBN-10: 0761972293.
↑ Kirwan, James, 1999. Beauty, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
↑ Hegel, G.W.F., 1835, Hegel's Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, in two volumes, T.M. Knox, trans., Oxford: Clarendon, 1975.
↑ Howat, John K. (1987). "Twilight in the Wilderness". American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
↑ Coe, S. R. (2006). Nebulae and How to Observe Them. Springer Science & Business Media.
↑ Pun, C. S. J., So, C. W., Leung, W. Y., & Wong, C. F. (2014). Contributions of artificial lighting sources on light pollution in Hong Kong measured through a night sky brightness monitoring network. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 139, 90-108.
↑ Genc, R. (2010). Turning weaknesses into strengths: Nordic tourism, potentials for growth and major challenges. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Œconomica, 6(1), 54-67.
↑ 参考文献：『大人の紅葉旅2010』三栄書房主に. p. 91.
↑ P. Lieberman, The Biology and Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984) pp. 54–55.
↑ Stebbing, P. D. (2004). A universal grammar for visual composition? (PDF). Leonardo, 37(1), 63-70.
↑ Chatterjee, A. (2013). "The Aesthetic Brain: How We Evolved to Desire Beauty and Enjoy Art". New York: Oxford University Press.

拎[編輯]

Beauty. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

[10] 可以睇埋 TV Tropes 嘅 Pretty Butterflies。

[1] Inglis, Erik (2003). "Gothic Architecture and a Scholastic: Jean de Jandun's Tractatus de laudibus Parisius". Gesta. 42 (XLII/1): 63-85.

[2] Konstan, David (2014). Beauty - The Fortunes of an Ancient Greek Idea. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30-35.

[3] [1].

[4] Steinar Kvale The Social Construction of Validity, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 1, No. 1, 19-40 (1995).

[5] Social Construction: A Reader, Mary MacCanney Gergen, Kenneth J. Sage Publications Ltd Gergen. ISBN-10: 0761972293.

[6] Kirwan, James, 1999. Beauty, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

[7] Hegel, G.W.F., 1835, Hegel's Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, in two volumes, T.M. Knox, trans., Oxford: Clarendon, 1975.

[howat1987-8] Howat, John K. (1987). "Twilight in the Wilderness". American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[9] Coe, S. R. (2006). Nebulae and How to Observe Them. Springer Science & Business Media.

[11] Pun, C. S. J., So, C. W., Leung, W. Y., & Wong, C. F. (2014). Contributions of artificial lighting sources on light pollution in Hong Kong measured through a night sky brightness monitoring network. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 139, 90-108.

[12] Genc, R. (2010). Turning weaknesses into strengths: Nordic tourism, potentials for growth and major challenges. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Œconomica, 6(1), 54-67.

[13] 参考文献：『大人の紅葉旅2010』三栄書房主に. p. 91.

[14] P. Lieberman, The Biology and Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984) pp. 54–55.

[15] Stebbing, P. D. (2004). A universal grammar for visual composition? (PDF). Leonardo, 37(1), 63-70.

[16] Chatterjee, A. (2013). "The Aesthetic Brain: How We Evolved to Desire Beauty and Enjoy Art". New York: Oxford University Press.

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靚

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