感知

感知gam2 zi1（英文：perception，嚟自拉丁文 perceptio）係種認知功能，涉及一個認知系統表示、處理同組織透過感覺器官得到嘅資訊^[1]：人嘅眼耳口鼻會由外界接收各種訊號－眼塊視網膜會感應光、耳會感應聲、鼻會感應空氣當中嘅化學物等等^[2]－跟住呢啲感覺器官嘅感覺神經細胞會向個腦射訊號，話俾個腦知佢哋感應到啲乜；喺呢個過程當中，個腦同神經系統其餘部份會以某啲表示啲資訊同對呢啲資訊作出初步嘅處理，而且個腦唔衹會被動噉吸取資訊，仲會主動過濾收到嘅資訊（例子可以睇吓注意力）；呢啲（好多時無意識嘅）過程都係感知研究嘅範疇^[3]^[4]。

分類[編輯]

感知可以分做兩大過程^[5]：

由下至上過程（bottom-up）：感官會客觀噉將佢哋收到嘅資訊傳上去個腦嗰度，俾個腦知道外界有乜。
由上至下過程（top-down）：個腦會按自身嘅目的，控制同指揮感官以及點樣處理感官資訊，例如係按自己想睇乜而移動對眼，影響對眼睇到乜。

研究[編輯]

認知科學上有好多方法研究感知：認知科學家可以用心理物理學嘅方法，做實驗睇吓啲刺激嘅物理性質會點影響人對呢啲刺激嘅體驗^[6]；神經科學上嘅研究又可以用神經成像嘅方法，睇吓人喺感知外界刺激嗰陣個腦入面發生緊乜事^[7]；而人工智能（AI）同相關領域又會嘗試用電腦程式模擬人類嘅感知，教電腦做出好似人類感知噉嘅行為^[3]^[8]。

感知會內部唔同功能互相影響，又會同第啲認知功能互相影響：注意力會由外界資訊嗰度篩選一部份出嚟集中處理，影響感知處理乜資訊，而當一個人感知到一個零舍重要嘅資訊，佢又傾向會將注意力轉移去嗰個資訊嘅來源；感知吸收到嘅資訊有一部份會進入記憶，而過去嘅記憶又會影響一個人點樣感知^[3]；另一方面，感知功能具有分部性－個腦嘅唔同腦區負責處理唔同嘅感知資訊，例如處理嗅覺嘅腦區會傳訊去處理味覺嘅腦區，令嗅覺資訊會明顯噉影響味覺^[9]。

形式[編輯]

唔同形式嘅感知（合稱五覺）：
- 視覺（對光嘅感知）
- 聽覺（對聲嘅感知）
- 嗅覺（對空氣中嘅化學物嘅感知）
- 味覺（對條脷掂到嘅化學物嘅感知）
- 觸覺（對溫度、力、震動等嘅感知）
時覺

睇埋[編輯]

參考[編輯]

Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual Thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24226-5.
Flanagan, J. R., & Lederman, S. J. (2001). "'Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes. News and Views", Nature, 412(6845):389–91. (PDF)
Gibson, J. J. (1966). The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, Houghton Mifflin.
Gibson, J. J. (1987). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-89859-959-8
Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (2006). "The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments". IEEE Multimedia,13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24–30.

攷[編輯]

↑ Merikle, P. M., Smilek, D., & Eastwood, J. D. (2001). Perception without awareness: Perspectives from cognitive psychology. Cognition, 79(1-2), 115-134.
↑ Goldstein (2009) pp. 5-7.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Gregory, Richard. "Perception" in Gregory, Zangwill (1987) pp. 598–601.
↑ Bernstein, Douglas A. (5 March 2010). Essentials of Psychology. Cengage Learning. pp. 123-124.
↑ Mechelli, A., Price, C. J., Friston, K. J., & Ishai, A. (2004). Where bottom-up meets top-down: neuronal interactions during perception and imagery. Cerebral cortex, 14(11), 1256-1265.
↑ Takahashi, T., Oono, H., & Radford, M. H. (2008). Psychophysics of time perception and intertemporal choice models. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 387(8-9), 2066-2074.
↑ Romo, R., & Salinas, E. (2003). Cognitive neuroscience: flutter discrimination: neural codes, perception, memory and decision making. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(3), 203.
↑ Zadeh, L. A. (2001). A new direction in AI: Toward a computational theory of perceptions. AI magazine, 22(1), 73-73.
↑ Comeau, T. B., Epstein, J. B., & Migas, C. (2001). Taste and smell dysfunction in patients receiving chemotherapy: a review of current knowledge. Supportive care in cancer, 9(8), 575-580.

拎[編輯]

Theories of Perception. Several different aspects on perception.
Richard L Gregory. Theories of Richard. L. Gregory （英文）
Comprehensive set of optical illusions, presented by Michael Bach （英文）
Optical Illusions. Examples of well-known optical illusions （英文）
The Epistemology of Perception. Article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy （英文）
Cognitive Penetrability of Perception and Epistemic Justification. Article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy （英文）

[1] Merikle, P. M., Smilek, D., & Eastwood, J. D. (2001). Perception without awareness: Perspectives from cognitive psychology. Cognition, 79(1-2), 115-134.

[2] Goldstein (2009) pp. 5-7.

[greg1987-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Gregory, Richard. "Perception" in Gregory, Zangwill (1987) pp. 598–601.

[4] Bernstein, Douglas A. (5 March 2010). Essentials of Psychology. Cengage Learning. pp. 123-124.

[5] Mechelli, A., Price, C. J., Friston, K. J., & Ishai, A. (2004). Where bottom-up meets top-down: neuronal interactions during perception and imagery. Cerebral cortex, 14(11), 1256-1265.

[6] Takahashi, T., Oono, H., & Radford, M. H. (2008). Psychophysics of time perception and intertemporal choice models. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 387(8-9), 2066-2074.

[7] Romo, R., & Salinas, E. (2003). Cognitive neuroscience: flutter discrimination: neural codes, perception, memory and decision making. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(3), 203.

[8] Zadeh, L. A. (2001). A new direction in AI: Toward a computational theory of perceptions. AI magazine, 22(1), 73-73.

[9] Comeau, T. B., Epstein, J. B., & Migas, C. (2001). Taste and smell dysfunction in patients receiving chemotherapy: a review of current knowledge. Supportive care in cancer, 9(8), 575-580.

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