實驗經濟學

實驗經濟學（粵讀：sat6 jim6 ging1 zai3 hok6 | 英文：experimental economics）係指運用實驗方法嚟研究經濟學嘅一個領域－相對於打前嘅經濟學以經濟紀錄做主導數據。

諗頭[編輯]

喺最嚴格嘅科學基準嚟講，齋靠觀察（廿世紀社科依賴嘅研究方法）頂櫳淨係可以搵得出事物之間嘅相關（correlation；簡單講就係正比同反比），噉係因為當一個研究者觀察到（例如） $A$ 同 $B$ 硬係一齊出現（正比），噉依然有三個可能性：

$A$ 引致 $B$ 、
$B$ 引致 $A$ 、
$A$ 同 $B$ 有同一個成因。可以睇埋相關唔蘊含因果^[1]。

喺科學上，要搵出事物之間嘅因果關係，就實要靠實驗嘅方法：實驗係指研究者特登操作某啲變數，再睇吓個操作會造成乜嘢效果，例如「如果佢特登操作 $A$ ，就會見到 $B$ 跟住出現，而如果佢唔特登操作 $A$ ， $B$ 就唔會跟住出現」，佢就有理由相信 $A$ 真係能夠引致 $B$ 。因為廿世紀嘅經濟學好多時都係齋靠觀察，所以成日俾人詬病話佢哋唔能夠確立唔同經濟現象之間嘅因果關係^[2]^[3]。

做法[編輯]

實驗通常都係喺高度受控嘅實驗室入面做嘅，研究者會搵啲受試者返嚟，做一啲操作，再俾啲受試者做一啲經濟作業，睇吓操作會點樣影響受試者喺經濟作業上嘅表現。但係有唔少學者都嫌呢啲實驗環境太過人工化，唔夠自然，所以有研究者會做實地實驗，即係喺現實環境入面做操作以及睇吓個操作會造成乜嘢結果^[4]^[5]，又或者係自然實驗，指個操作係由研究者以外嘅力量所施加嘅（例如係研究自然災難造成嘅經濟行為改變噉）^[6]。

睇埋[編輯]

攷[編輯]

↑ Aldrich, John (1995). "Correlations Genuine and Spurious in Pearson and Yule" (PDF). Statistical Science. 10 (4): 364–376.
↑ Alvin E. Roth, 2002. "The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and Computation as Tools for Design Economics," Econometrica, 70(4), pp. 1341–1378.
↑ See, e.g., Grechenig, K., Nicklisch, A., & Thöni, C. (2010). Punishment despite reasonable doubt—a public goods experiment with sanctions under uncertainty. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 7(4), 847-867.
↑ Vernon L. Smith, 2008a. "Experimental methods in economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.
↑ Vernon L. Smith, 2008b. "Experimental economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.
↑ J. DiNardo, 2008. "natural experiments and quasi-natural experiments," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.

[1] Aldrich, John (1995). "Correlations Genuine and Spurious in Pearson and Yule" (PDF). Statistical Science. 10 (4): 364–376.

[Roth2002-2] Alvin E. Roth, 2002. "The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and Computation as Tools for Design Economics," Econometrica, 70(4), pp. 1341–1378.

[3] See, e.g., Grechenig, K., Nicklisch, A., & Thöni, C. (2010). Punishment despite reasonable doubt—a public goods experiment with sanctions under uncertainty. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 7(4), 847-867.

[4] Vernon L. Smith, 2008a. "Experimental methods in economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.

[5] Vernon L. Smith, 2008b. "Experimental economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.

[6] J. DiNardo, 2008. "natural experiments and quasi-natural experiments," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.

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