假說
閱讀設定
假說(粵拼:gaa2 syut3;英文:hypothesis)喺嚴格嘅科學上係指一啲有人提出咗、對某啲現象嘅可能解釋,但未經實證研究驗證嘅,即係「而家觀察到噉噉噉嘅現象,我諗背後嘅可能解釋係噉噉噉(句假說),但呢個諗法未經證實」[1]。
一個科學性嘅假說一定要係有得客觀驗證嘅。睇埋可否證性嘅概念。
驗證
[編輯]驗證假說主要有兩大方法:
- 實驗(experiment):指緊一啲用嚟驗證某啲假說、牽涉到操控(manipulate)某啲變數嘅程序;响做實驗嗰陣,研究會操控自變數(IV)-即係用人工嘅方法改變自變數嘅數值,再睇吓噉樣做會點樣影響到應變數(DV)嘅數值。舉個例說明,例如係喺驗證正話提到嘅時間膨脹假說嗰陣,研究者可以噉做實驗-佢哋擺個原子鐘喺架好勁嘅火箭裏面,開大架火箭嘅引擎,令架火箭飛得好快(有返咁上下接近光速),飛完一輪之後研究者再攞架火箭裏面嗰個原子鐘,攞個鐘嚟同一個由始至終都喺地球表面唔郁嘅原子鐘比較吓,睇吓以接近光速飛過嘅原子鐘係咪真係會行得慢咗。喺成個實驗入面,速度就係一個自變數(俾研究者人工噉操控咗嘅變數),而個原子鐘所量度嘅過咗幾耐時間就係一個應變數(研究者淨係量度咗呢個變數,冇直接噉操控佢數值)[2][3]。實驗室(laboratory)泛指一間專門攞嚟做實驗用嘅房,一般都會擺嗮啲專係攞嚟做實驗用嘅架生,而且因為用嘅架生個個科學領域都唔同,所以會有分化學實驗室、生物學實驗室或者心理學實驗室呢類再專門啲嘅實驗室[4]。
- 觀察(observation):指緊一啲用嚟驗證某啲假說、但唔牽涉到操控任何變數嘅程序;响做觀察嗰陣,研究者會搵方法量度啲變數嘅數值,再睇吓啲變數之間嘅關係係咪同假說所講嘅一致,不過佢哋唔會特登去郁手改變任何一個變數嘅數值;例如係經濟學家驗證一啲描述「貨品嘅價錢受乜嘢因素影響」嘅假說嗰陣,佢哋好難話直接控制(例如)市場上嗰啲商品嘅價錢,但佢哋可以隨機(randomly)噉抽幾樣商品出嚟睇,計吓統計分析睇吓價錢係咪真係同(佢哋心目中會影響價錢嘅)嗰啲因素有明顯嘅相關,係嘅話就可以話啲數據撐咗佢哋心目中嘅假說,而喺成個過程入面,啲經濟學家冇操控任何變數,只係量度咗啲變數嘅數值,所以佢哋做緊嘅係個觀察,唔係實驗。順帶一提,同自然科學比起上嚟,社會科學零舍常會用觀察[5][6]。
睇埋
[編輯]攷
[編輯]- ↑ Hilborn, Ray; Mangel, Marc (1997). The ecological detective: confronting models with data. Princeton University Press. p. 24.
- ↑ Cooperstock, F. I. (2009). General relativistic dynamics: extending Einstein's legacy throughout the universe. Singapore: World Scientific.
- ↑ Griffith, W. T. (2001). The physics of everyday phenomena: a conceptual introduction to physics, 3rd Ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Page 3-4.
- ↑ DiBerardinis, L. J., Baum, J. S., First, M. W., Gatwood, G. T., & Seth, A. K. (2013). Guidelines for laboratory design: health, safety, and environmental considerations. John Wiley & Sons.
- ↑ Hart, C. L., Taylor, M. D., Smith, G. D., Whalley, L. J., Starr, J. M., Hole, D. J., ... & Deary, I. J. (2004). Childhood IQ and cardiovascular disease in adulthood: prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. Social science & medicine, 59(10), 2131-2138.
- ↑ McIllmurray, M. B., Thomas, C., Francis, B., Morris, S., Soothill, K., & Al‐Hamad, A. (2001). The psychosocial needs of cancer patients: findings from an observational study. European journal of cancer care, 10(4), 261-269.